Face and head anatomy (CT) - Interactive Atlas of Cross-Sectional Anatomy

• This face, head and neck anatomic atlas is an educating tool for studying the normal anatomy of the face based on a contrast enhanced multidetector computed tomography imaging (axial and coronal planes). Interactive labeled images allow a comprehensive study of the anatomical structures.

Cross sectional anatomy: CT of the head and neck

• A coronal and axial contrast enhanced multidetector computed tomography imaging of the head and neck was performed on a healthy subject.
  DICOM images archived in the PACS (Picture Archiving and Communicating System) were processed and exported as JPEG images.
• The software Macromedia Flash and Adobe Photoshop permit us the development of anatomical atlas software with a suitable functionality and user interface for the exploration of the head and neck and the skull base.
• Anatomical structures were labeled according to the new Terminologia Anatomica.

Anatomy of the head and neck: how to visualize anatomic labels

• This atlas is a comprehensive and affordable learning tool for residents and medical students and especially for radiologists and surgeons.
• It provides to images in the axial and coronal planes so the user is able to study and learn anatomy interactively. Images are labeled, providing a comprehensive teaching resource. Evaluation of user progress is assessed with the test mode.
• The horizontal menu allows an access to the groups of anatomical structures:
  • Bones: ethmoidal, frontal, lacrimal, palatine, parietal , temporal and zygomatic bones, mandible, maxilla, sphenoid, vomer.
  • Teeth
  • Arteries
  • Veins
  • Muscles
  • Nerves
  • Foramen
  • Cavities
  • Mucosa/glands
  • Lymph nodes regions

• As the cursor is moved over a particular anatomic area, that area is highlighted and labeled: this tool has been chosen to show deep face spaces and cavities:
  • Pharyngeal mucosal space
  • Oral cavity
  • Masticator space
  • Parotid space
  • Carotid space
  • Retropharyngeal space
  • Perivertebral space
  • Visceral space
  • Posterior cervical space
  • Sublingual space
  • Submandibular fossa
  • Paravertebral space
  • Prevertebral space
  • Retropharyngeal space

• The vertical left menu provides axial, coronal and sagittal reference tools of the face, with anatomical graphics based on a three dimensional (3D) model.

• Abducent nerve; Abducens nerve [VI] - Nervus abducens [VI]
• Accessory nerve [XI] - Nervus accessorius [XI]
• Alveolar process - Processus alveolaris
• Alveolar recess - Recessus alveolaris (Maxillary sinus - Sinus maxillaris)
• Anatomical structures - Anatomical structures
• Angle of mandible - Angulus mandibulae
• Angular artery - A. angularis
• Angular vein - V. angularis
• Anterior cerebral artery - Arteria cerebri anterior
• Anterior clinoid process - Processus clinoideus anterior
• Anterior cranial fossa - Fossa cranii anterior
• Anterior deep temporal artery - A. temporalis profunda anterior
• Anterior ethmoidal foramen - Foramen - Foramen ethmoidale anterius
• Anterior jugular vein - V. jugularis anterior
• Anterior nasal spine - Spina nasalis anterior
• Arteries - Arteriae
• Articular tubercle - Tuberculum articulare
• Aryepiglottic fold - Plica aryepiglottica
• Ascending pharyngeal artery - Arteria pharyngea ascendens
• Atlas C I - Atlas C I
• Auditory tube - Tuba auditiva
• Axis C II - Axis C II
• Basilar artery - A. basilaris
• Body of hyoid bone - Corpus ossis hyoidei
• Body of mandible - Corpus mandibulae
• Body of sphenoid bone - Corpus sphenoidale
• Body of tongue - Corpus linguae
• Bones - Os
• Buccinator - M. buccinator
• C3 - C3
• C4 - C4
• C5 - C5
• Canine tooth - Dens caninus
• Carotid canal - Canalis caroticus
• Carotid space - (Carotid space)
• Cavernous sinus - Sinus cavernosus
• Cavities - Cavities
• Choana; Posterior nasal aperture - Choana; Apertura nasalis posterior
• Choroid plexus of third ventricle - Plexus choroideus ventriculi tertii
• Clivus - Clivus
• Cochlear nerve - Nervus cochlearis
• Common carotid artery - Arteria carotis communis
• Common trunk (facial, retromandibular and lingual veins)
• Condylar canal - Canalis condylaris
• Condylar process - Processus condylaris
• Coronoid process - Processus coronoideus
• Cranial base - Basis cranii (Bones - Os)
• Cranial base - Basis cranii (Foramina - Foramina)
• Cribriform foramina - Foramina cribrosa
• Cribriform plate - Lamina cribrosa
• Crista galli - Crista galli
• Deep facial vein - V. profunda faciei
• Depressor anguli oris - M. depressor anguli oris
• Depressor labii inferioris - M. depressor labii inferioris
• Descending palatine artery - A. palatina descendens
• Diagrams - Diagrams
• Digastric - M. digastricus (Anterior belly - Venter anterior)
• Digastric - M. digastricus (Posterior belly - Venter posterior)
• Digastric fossa - Fossa digastrica
• Dorsal nasal artery; External nasal artery - A. dorsalis nasi
• Dorsum sellae - Dorsum sellae
• Epicranius - M. epicranius
• Epiglottis - Epiglottis
• Ethmoid; Ethmoidal bone - Os ethmoidale
• Ethmoidal bulla - Bulla ethmoidalis
• Ethmoidal cells - Cellulae ethmoidales
• External acoustic meatus - Meatus acusticus externus
• External carotid artery - Arteria carotis externa
• External intercostal muscle - Mm. intercostales externi
• External jugular vein - Vena jugularis externa
• External palatine vein - V. palatina externa
• Eyeball - Bulbus occuli
• Facial artery - Arteria facialis
• Facial nerve [VII] - Nervus facialis [VII]
• Facial vein - Vena facialis
• Foramen - Foramen caecum - Foramen - Foramen caecum
• Foramen - Foramen lacerum - Foramen - Foramen lacerum
• Foramen - Foramen magnum - Foramen - Foramen magnum
• Foramen - Foramen ovale - Foramen - Foramen ovale
• Foramen - Foramen rotundum - Foramen - Foramen rotundum
• Foramen - Foramen spinosum - Foramen - Foramen spinosum
• Foramen - Foramen transversarium - Foramen - Foramen transversarium
• Foramina - Foramina
• Frontal bone - Os frontale
• Frontal crest - Crista frontalis
• Frontal process - Processus frontalis
• Frontal sinus - Sinus frontalis
• Frontonasal duct - Canalis frontonasalis
• Genioglossus - M. genioglossus
• Geniohyoid - M. geniohyoideus
• Glabella - Glabella
• Glossopharyngeal nerve [IX] - Nervus glossopharyngeus [IX]
• Great cerebral vein - V. magna cerebri
• Greater horn - Cornu majus
• Greater palatine foramen - Foramen - Foramen palatinum majus
• Greater wing - Ala major
• Head of mandible - Caput mandibulae; Condylus mandibulae
• Hiatus for greater petrosal nerve - Hiatus canalis nervi petrosi majoris
• Hide - Hide
• Hide all bones - Hide all bones
• Horizontal plate - Lamina horizontalis
• Hyoglossus - M. hyoglossus
• Hypoglossal canal - Canalis nervi hypoglossi
• Hypoglossal nerve [XII] - Nervus hypoglossus [XII]
• Hypophysial fossa - Fossa hypophysialis
• Incisive fossa - Fossa incisiva
• Incisor tooth - Dens incisivus Central - Centralis
• Incisor tooth - Dens incisivus Lateral - Lateralis
• Inferior alveolar artery - A. alveolaris inferior
• Inferior constrictor - M. constrictor pharyngis inferior
• Inferior labial branch - A. labialis inferior
• Inferior nasal concha - Concha nasalis inferior
• Inferior nasal meatus - Meatus nasi inferior
• Inferior oblique - M. obliquus inferior
• Inferior ophthalmic vein - Vena ophthalmica inferior
• Inferior orbital fissure - Fissura orbitalis inferior
• Inferior rectus - M. rectus inferior
• Infraorbital artery - A. infraorbitalis
• Infraorbital foramen - Foramen - Foramen infraorbitale
• Infraorbital recess - Recessus infraorbitale (Maxillary sinus - Sinus maxillaris)
• Infratemporal fossa - Fossa infratemporalis
• Infratemporal surface - Facies infratemporalis
• Internal acoustic meatus - Meatus acusticus internus
• Internal carotid artery - Arteria carotis interna
• Internal jugular vein - Vena jugularis interna
• Intraglandular nodes - Nodi intraglandulares
• Jugular foramen - Foramen - Foramen jugulare
• Jugular trunk - Truncus jugularis
• Jugulodigastri c nod - Nodus jugulodigastricus
• Jugum sphenoidale; Sphenoidal yoke - Jugum sphenoidale
• Lacrimal bone - Os lacrimale
• Lacrimal canaliculus - Canaliculus lacrimalis
• Lacrimal groove - Sulcus lacrimalis
• Laryngeal inlet - Aditus laryngis
• Laryngopharynx; Hypopharynx - Pars laryngea pharyngis
• Lateral cervical nodes - Nodi cervicales laterales; Nodi colli laterales
• Lateral plate - Lamina lateralis
• Lateral pterygoid - M. pterygoideus lateralis
• Lateral rectus - M. rectus lateralis
• Lesser horn - Cornu minus
• Lesser palatine foramina - Foramina palatina minora
• Lesser wing - Ala minor
• Levator anguli oris - M. levator anguli oris
• Levator labii superioris - M. levator labii superioris
• Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi - M. levator labii superioris alaeque nasi
• Levator palpebrae superioris - M. levator palpebrae superioris
• Levator scapulae - M. levator scapulae
• Levator veli palatini - M. levator veli palatini
• Lingual artery - Arteria lingualis
• Lingual vein - V. lingualis
• Lingula - Lingula mandibulae
• Longissimus capitis - M. longissimus capitis
• Lymph nodes of head and neck - Nodi lymphoidei capitis et colli
• Mandible - Mandibula
• Mandibular foramen - Foramen - Foramen mandibulae
• Mandibular fossa - Fossa mandibularis
• Mandibular nerve; Mandibular division [Vc; V3] - Nervus mandibularis [Vc; V3]
• Mandibular notch - Incisura mandibulae
• Masseter - M. masseter
• Masticator space - Masticator space
• Mastoid cells - Cellulae mastoideae
• Mastoid process - Processus mastoideus
• Maxilla - Maxilla
• Maxillary artery - Arteria maxillaris
• Maxillary nerve; Maxillary division Vb; V2 - Nervus maxillaris[Vb; V2]
• Medial plate - Lamina medialis
• Medial pterygoid - M. pterygoideus medialis
• Medial rectus - M. rectus medialis
• Mental foramen - Foramen - Foramen mentale
• Mental protuberance - Protuberantia mentalis
• Mental tubercle - Tuberculum mentale
• Middle cerebral artery - Arteria cerebri media
• Middle constrictor - M. constrictor pharyngis medius
• Middle cranial fossa - Fossa cranii media
• Middle meningeal artery - A. meningea media
• Middle meningeal veins - Vv. meningeae mediae
• Middle nasal concha - Concha nasalis media
• Middle nasal meatus - Meatus nasi medius
• Molar tooth - Dens molaris (1)
• Molar tooth - Dens molaris (2)
• Molar tooth - Dens molaris (3)
• Mucosal pharyngeal space - Mucosal pharyngeal space
• Mucosas / Glands - Mucosas / Glands
• Muscles - Musculi
• Muscles of soft palate and fauces - Musculi palati mollis et faucium
• Mylohyoid - M. mylohyoideus
• Mylohyoid groove - Sulcus mylohyoideus
• Mylohyoid line - Linea mylohyoidea
• Nasal bone - Os nasale
• Nasal cavity - Cavitas nasi
• Nasal surface - Facies nasalis
• Nasopharynx - Pars nasalis pharyngis
• Nerves - Nerves
• Nodi sternocleidomastoides - Nodi sternocleidomastoides
• Obliquus capitis inferior - M. obliquus capitis inferior
• Obliquus capitis superior - M. obliquus capitis superior
• Occipital artery - Arteria occipitalis
• Occipital bone - Os occipitale
• Occipital condyle - Condylus occipitalis
• Oculomotor nerve [III] - Nervus oculomotorius [III]
• Olfactory nerve [I] - Nervus olfactorius [I]
• Opening of sphenoidal sinus - Apertura sinus sphenoidalis
• Ophthalmic artery - Arteria ophthalmica
• Optic canal - Canalis opticus
• Optic nerve [II] - Nervus opticus [II]
• Oral cavity - Cavitas oris
• Orbicularis oris - M. orbicularis oris
• Orbital plate - Lamina orbitalis
• Orbital surface - Facies orbitalis
• Orbital surface - Facies orbitalis (Greater wing - Ala major)
• Orbital surface - Facies orbitalis (Lesser wing - Ala minor)
• Orbital surface - Facies orbitalis (Zygomatic bone - Os zygomaticum)
• Oropharynx - Pars oralis pharyngis
• Ouverture du sinus maxillaire - Ouverture du sinus maxillaire
• Palatine bone - Os palatinum
• Palatine process - Processus palatinus
• Palatine tonsil - Tonsilla palatina
• Palatopharyngeal arch; Posterior pillar of fauces - Arcus palatopharyngeus; Plica posterior faucium
• Palatopharyngeus - M. palatopharyngeus
• Parapharyngeal space; Lateral pharyngeal space - Spatium lateropharyngeum; Spatium pharyngeum laterale; Spatium parapharyngeum
• Paravertebral space - Paravertebral space
• Parietal bone - Os parietale
• Parotid gland - Glandula parotidea
• Parotid space - Parotid space
• Perpendicular plate - Lamina perpendicularis
• Petrous part - Pars petrosa
• Pharyngeal recess - Recessus pharyngeus
• Piriform fossa; Piriform recess - Recessus piriformis
• Platysma - Platysma
• Posterior auricular artery - Arteria auricularis posterior
• Posterior cerebral artery - A. cerebri posterior
• Posterior cervical space - Posterior cervical space
• Posterior clinoid process - Processus clinoideus posterior
• Posterior cranial fossa - Fossa cranii posterior
• Postero-lateral superficial cervical nodes - Postero-lateral superficial cervical nodes
• Prechiasmatic sulcus - Sulcus prechiasmaticus
• Premolar tooth - Dens premolaris (1)
• Premolar tooth - Dens premolaris (2)
• Prevertebral space - Prevertebral space
• Pterygoid fovea - Fovea pterygoidea
• Pterygoid hamulus - Hamulus pterygoideus
• Pterygopalatine fossa - Fossa pterygopalatina
• Ramus of mandible - Ramus mandibulae
• Rectus capitis posterior major - M. rectus capitis posterior major
• Retromandibular vein - Vena retromandibularis
• Retromaxillozygomatic space - Retromaxillozygomatic space
• Retropharyngeal nodes - Nodi retropharyngeales
• Retropharyngeal space - Spatium retropharyngeum
• Risorius - M. risorius
• Root of tongue - Radix linguae
• Salpingopharyngeal fold - Plica salpingopharyngea
• Scalenus muscles - Scalenus muscles
• Semispinalis capitis - M. semispinalis capitis
• Semispinalis cervicis - M. semispinalis cervicis; M. semispinalis colli
• Show all bones - Show all bones
• Sigmoid sinus - Sinus sigmoideus
• Soft palate - Palatum molle; Velum palatinum
• Soft tissues - Soft tissues
• Sphenoid; Sphenoidal bone - Os sphenoidale
• Sphenoidal sinus - Sinus sphenoidalis
• Sphenopalatine artery - A. sphenopalatina
• Sphenopalatine foramen - Foramen - Foramen sphenopalatinum
• Spine of sphenoid bone - Spina ossis sphenoidalis
• Splenius capitis - M. splenius capitis
• Squamous part - Pars squamosa
• Sternocleidomastoid - M. sternocleidomastoideus
• Sternohyoid - M. sternohyoideus Thyrohyoid - M. thyrohyoideus Omohyoid - M. omohyoideus
• Styloglossus - M. styloglossus
• Styloid process - Processus styloideus
• Stylomastoid foramen - Foramen - Foramen stylomastoideum
• Stylopharyngeus - M. stylopharyngeus
• Sublingual gland - Glandula sublingualis
• Sublingual space - Sublingual space
• Submandibular fossa - Fovea submandibularis
• Submandibular ganglion - Ganglion submandibulare
• Submandibular gland - Glandula submandibularis
• Submental artery - A. submentalis
• Submental nodes - Nodi submentales
• Submental vein - V. submentalis
• Superficial parotid nodes - Nodi parotidei superficiales
• Superficial temporal artery - Arteria temporalis superficialis
• Superficial temporal veins - Vv. temporales superficiales
• Superior constrictor - M. constrictor pharyngis superior
• Superior laryngeal artery - A. laryngea superior
• Superior mental spine; Superior genial spine - Spina mentalis superior; Spina geni superior
• Superior nasal concha - Concha nasalis superior
• Superior oblique - M. obliquus superior
• Superior ophthalmic vein - Vena ophthalmica superior
• Superior orbital fissure - Fissura orbitalis superior
• Superior petrosal sinus - Sinus petrosus superior
• Superior rectus - M. rectus superior
• Superior sagittal sinus - Sinus sagittalis superior
• Superior thyroid artery - A. thyroidea superior
• Supraorbital notchforamen - Incisura supraorbitalisforamen supraorbitale
• Sympathetic trunk - Truncus sympathicus
• Teeth - Dentes
• Temporal bone - Os temporale
• Temporal process - Processus temporalis
• Temporalis; Temporal muscle - M. temporalis
• Tensor veli palatini - M. tensor veli palatini
• Torus tubarius - Torus tubarius
• Transverse facial artery - A. transversa faciei
• Trigeminal ganglion - Ganglion trigeminale
• Trigeminal nerve [V] - Nervus trigeminus [V]
• Trochlear nerve [IV] - Nervus trochlearis [IV]
• Tuberculum sellae - Tuberculum sellae
• Tympanic canaliculus - Canaliculus tympanicus
• Tympanic cavity - Cavitas tympani
• Tympanic part - Pars tympanica
• Uncinate process - Processus uncinatus
• Uvula - Uvula palatina
• Vagus nerve [X] - Nervus vagus [X]
• Veins - Vena
• Vertebral artery - Arteria vertebralis
• Vestibular canaliculus - Canaliculus vestibuli
• Visceral space of the neck - Visceral space of the neck
• Vomer - Vomer
• Window - Window
• Zygomatic bone - Os zygomaticum
• Zygomatic process - Processus zygomaticus
• Zygomatic recess - Zygomatic recess (Maxillary sinus - Sinus maxillaris)
• Zygomaticofacial foramen - Foramen - Foramen zygomaticofaciale
• Zygomaticus major - M. zygomaticus major
• Zygomaticus minor - M. zygomaticus minor