Ankle and Foot (MR) - Interactive Atlas of Cross-Sectional Human Anatomy

• The cross sectional human anatomic atlas of the ankle and foot is a new tool based on MR images of the human body.
• Anatomical structures of the ankle and foot and particular regions (major joints) are visible as dynamic labeled images.

Cross sectional anatomy: MRI of the ankle and feet

• A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed on a normal subject; with spin-echo T1 weighted images and spin-echo fat-saturated proton density weighted images (3 usual planes used for osto-articular imaging: axial, coronal, and sagittal).
• From our PACS (Picture Archiving and Communicating System), data and DICOM images were exported as JPEG images. Minor changes have been made with Adobe Photoshop, and then, interactivity such as labeled images and dynamic were added with the software Macromedia Flash. This allows us the development of an atlas based application with an new functionality and user interface for exploration of the ankle and foot anatomy.

• This module is a comprehensive and affordable learning tool for medical students and residents and especially for physicians, anatomists, rheumatologists, orthopedic surgeons and radiologists. It is also a fundamental communication tool to teach patients anatomy and pathology.
• It provides access to an atlas and to images in the axial planes, allowing the user to learn and review orthopedic anatomy interactively. Images are labeled, providing an invaluable teaching resource.
• We used the Terminlogia Anatomica to create anatomic labels. This terminology is the international standard on human anatomy (it supersedes the previous standard, Nomina Anatomica since 1998). It was developed by the Federative Committee on Anatomical Terminology (FCAT) and the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists (IFAA).

Anatomy of the lower limb (hip, thigh, knee, leg, ankle and foot): how to visualize anatomic labels

• The horizontal menu gives access to groups of anatomical structures that can be chosen by the user:
  • Bones
  • Joints
  • Ligaments
  • Muscles
  • Tendons
  • Fascia
  • Arteries
  • Veins
  • Nerves

• As the cursor is moved over a particular area, that region is highlighted and labeled: anterior and posterior region of the leg, posterior and anterior ankle region, metatarsal region, plantar region.
• The vertical left menu provides a crossed references and a 3D medical illustration of the foot skeleton.
• Tear lines represent the main joints of ankle and foot:
  • Ankle joint
  • Transverse tarsal joint
  • Tarsometatarsal joints

• The test mode allows comprehensive evaluation of study progress

• Abductor digiti minimi - M. abductor digiti minimi
• Abductor hallucis - M. abductor hallucis
• Abductor hallucis - M. abductor hallucis (Tendon - Tendo)
• Adductor hallucis - M. adductor hallucis (Oblique head - Caput obliquum)
• Adductor hallucis - M. adductor hallucis (Transverse head - Caput transversum)
• Anatomical structures - Anatomical structures
• Ankle joint - Articulatio talocruralis
• Ankle region - Regio tarsalis (Anterior - Anterior)
• Ankle region - Regio tarsalis (Posterior - Posterior)
• Anterior facet for calcaneus - Facies articularis calcanea anterior
• Anterior region of leg - Regio cruris anterior
• Anterior talar articular surface - Facies articularis talaris anterior
• Anterior talocrural region; Anterior ankle region - Regio talocruralis anterior
• Anterior talofibular ligament - Lig. talofibulare anterius (Lateral ligament - Lig. collaterale laterale)
• Anterior tibial artery - Arteria tibialis anterior
• Anterior tibial veins - Vv. tibiales anteriores
• Anterior tibiofibular ligament - Anterior tibiofibular ligament
• Anterior tibiotalar part - Pars tibiotalaris anterior (Medial ligament; Deltoid ligament - Lig. collaterale mediale; Lig. deltoideum)
• Arteries - Arteriae
• Articular surface for cuboid - Facies articularis cuboidea
• Base - Basis ossis metatarsi
• Body - Corpus tali
• Bones - Os
• Calcaneal branches - Rr. calcanei
• Calcaneal process - Processus calcaneus
• Calcaneal sulcus - Sulcus calcanei
• Calcaneal tendon - Tendo calcaneus
• Calcaneal tuberosity - Tuber calcanei
• Calcaneocuboid joint - Articulatio calcaneocuboidea
• Calcaneofibular ligament - Lig. calcaneofibulare (Lateral ligament - Lig. collaterale laterale)
• Cranial base - Basis cranii (Bones - Os)
• Cranial base - Basis cranii (Foramina - Foramina)
• Cuboid - Os cuboideum
• Cuneonavicular joint - Articulatio cuneonavicularis
• Deep branch - R. profundus (Medial plantar artery - Arteria plantaris medialis)
• Deep fibular nerve; Deep peroneal nerve - N. fibularis profundus; N. peroneus profundus
• Deep fibular nerve; Deep peroneal nerve - N. fibularis profundus; N. peroneus profundus (Lateral branch - R. lateralis)
• Deep fibular nerve; Deep peroneal nerve - N. fibularis profundus; N. peroneus profundus (Medial branch - R. medialis)
• Deep plantar arch - Arcus plantaris profundus
• Deep plantar artery - A. plantaris profunda
• Diagrams - Diagrams
• Dorsal artery of foot - Arteria dorsalis pedis
• Dorsal digital nerves of foot - Nn. digitales dorsales pedis
• Dorsal interossei - Mm. interossei dorsales
• Dorsal venous arch of foot - Arcus venosus dorsalis pedis
• Dorsum of foot; Dorsal region of foot - Dorsum pedis; Regio dorsalis pedis
• Extensor digitorum brevis - M. extensor digitorum brevis
• Extensor digitorum brevis - M. extensor digitorum brevis (Tendon - Tendo)
• Extensor digitorum longus - M. extensor digitorum longus
• Extensor digitorum longus - M. extensor digitorum longus (Tendon - Tendo)
• Extensor hallucis brevis - M. extensor hallucis brevis
• Extensor hallucis brevis - M. extensor hallucis brevis (Tendon - Tendo)
• Extensor hallucis longus - M. extensor hallucis longus
• Extensor hallucis longus - M. extensor hallucis longus (Tendon - Tendo)
• Fascia - Fasciae
• Fibula - Fibula
• Fibular notch - Incisura fibularis
• Fibular trochlea; Peroneal trochlea; Peroneal tubercle - Trochlea fibularis; Trochlea peronealis
• Fibularis brevis - M. fibularis brevis
• Fibularis brevis - M. fibularis brevis (Tendon - Tendo)
• Fibularis longus - M. fibularis longus (Tendon - Tendo)
• Flexor digiti minimi brevis - M. flexor digiti minimi brevis
• Flexor digitorum brevis - M. flexor digitorum brevis
• Flexor digitorum longus - M. flexor digitorum longus
• Flexor digitorum longus - M. flexor digitorum longus (Tendon - Tendo)
• Flexor hallucis brevis - M. flexor hallucis brevis (Lateral head - Caput laterale)
• Flexor hallucis brevis - M. flexor hallucis brevis (Medial head - Caput mediale)
• Flexor hallucis longus - M. flexor hallucis longus
• Flexor hallucis longus - M. flexor hallucis longus (Tendon - Tendo)
• Flexor retinaculum - Retinaculum musculorum flexorum
• Great saphenous vein - V. saphena magna
• Groove for tendon of fibularis longus; Groove for tendon of peroneus longus - Sulcus tendinis musculi fibularis longi; Sulcus tendinis musculi peronei longi
• Groove for tendon of flexor hallucis longus - Sulcus tendinis musculi flexoris hallucis longi
• Head - Caput ossis metatarsi
• Head - Caput tali
• Heel region - Regio calcanea
• Hide - Hide
• Inferior extensor retinaculum - Retinaculum musculorum extensorum inferius
• Inferior fibular retinaculum; Inferior peroneal retinaculum - Retinaculum musculorum fibularium inferius; Retinaculum musculorum peroneorum inferius
• Intercuneiform joints - Articulationes intercuneiformes
• Intermediate cuneiform; Middle cuneiform - Os cuneiforme intermedium
• Intermediate dorsal cutaneous nerve - N. cutaneus dorsalis intermedius
• Interosseous membrane of leg - Membrana interossea cruris
• Joint - Junctura
• Lateral calcaneal branches - Rr. calcanei laterales
• Lateral cuneiform - Os cuneiforme laterale
• Lateral dorsal cutaneous nerve - N. cutaneus dorsalis lateralis
• Lateral malleolar facet - Facies malleolaris lateralis
• Lateral malleolus - Malleolus lateralis
• Lateral marginal vein - V. marginalis lateralis
• Lateral plantar artery - Arteria plantaris lateralis
• Lateral plantar nerve - N. plantaris lateralis
• Lateral process - Processus lateralis tuberis calcanei
• Lateral tarsal artery - A. tarsalis lateralis
• Lateral tubercle - Tuberculum laterale
• Ligaments - Ligamenta
• Lumbricals - Mm. lumbricales
• Malleolar fossa - Fossa malleoli lateralis
• Malleolar groove - Sulcus malleolaris
• Medial calcaneal branches - Rr. calcanei mediales
• Medial cuneiform - Os cuneiforme mediale
• Medial dorsal cutaneous nerve - N. cutaneus dorsalis medialis
• Medial malleolar facet - Facies malleolaris medialis
• Medial malleolus - Malleolus medialis
• Medial marginal vein - V. marginalis medialis
• Medial plantar artery - Arteria plantaris medialis
• Medial plantar nerve - N. plantaris medialis
• Medial process - Processus medialis tuberis calcanei
• Medial tarsal arteries - Aa. tarsales mediales
• Medial tubercle - Tuberculum mediale
• Metatarsal region - Regio metatarsalis
• Metatarsals [I-V] - Ossa metatarsi [I-V] (1)
• Middle talar articular surface - Facies articularis talaris media
• Muscles - Muscles; Muscular system
• Navicular - Os naviculare
• Navicular articular surface - Facies articularis navicularis
• Neck - Collum tali
• Nerves - Nerves
• PD-SPIR - PD-SPIR
• Plantar aponeurosis - Aponeurosis plantaris
• Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament; Spring ligament - Lig. calcaneonaviculare plantare
• Plantar interossei - Mm. interossei plantares
• Posterior calcaneal articular facet - Facies articularis calcanea posterior
• Posterior process - Processus posterior tali
• Posterior region of leg - Regio cruris posterior
• Posterior talar articular surface - Facies articularis talaris posterior
• Posterior talocrural region; Posterior ankle region - Regio talocruralis posterior
• Posterior talofibular ligament - Lig. talofibulare posterius (Lateral ligament - Lig. collaterale laterale)
• Posterior tibial artery - Arteria tibialis posterior
• Posterior tibial veins - Vv. tibiales posteriores
• Posterior tibiofibular ligament - Lig. tibiofibulare posterius
• Posterior tibiotalar part - Pars tibiotalaris posterior (Medial ligament; Deltoid ligament - Lig. collaterale mediale; Lig. deltoideum)
• Quadratus plantae; Flexor accessorius - M. quadratus plantae; M. flexor accessorius
• Saphenous nerve - N. saphenus
• Sesamoid bones - Ossa sesamoidea
• Shaft; Body - Corpus ossis metatarsi
• Small saphenous vein; Short saphenous vein - V. saphena parva
• Sole; Plantar region - Planta; Regio plantaris
• Soleus - M. soleus
• Sulcus tali - Sulcus tali
• Superficial branch - R. superficialis (Medial plantar artery - Arteria plantaris medialis)
• Superior extensor retinaculum - Retinaculum musculorum extensorum superius
• Superior facet - Facies superior
• Superior fibular retinaculum; Superior peroneal retinaculum - Retinaculum musculorum fibularium superius; Retinaculum musculorum peroneorum superius
• Sural nerve - N. suralis
• Sustentaculum tali; Talar shelf - Sustentaculum tali
• T1 - T1w - T1 - T1w
• Talocalcaneonavicular joint - Articulatio talocalcaneonavicularis
• Tarsal sinus - Sinus tarsi
• Tarsometatarsal joints - Articulationes tarsometatarsales
• Tendon - Tendo
• Tibia - Tibia
• Tibial nerve - N. tibialis
• Tibialis anterior - M. tibialis anterior (Tendon - Tendo)
• Tibialis posterior - M. tibialis posterior (Tendon - Tendo)
• Tibiocalcaneal part - Pars tibiocalcanea (Medial ligament; Deltoid ligament - Lig. collaterale mediale; Lig. deltoideum)
• Tibionavicular part - Pars tibionavicularis (Medial ligament; Deltoid ligament - Lig. collaterale mediale; Lig. deltoideum)
• Transverse tarsal joint - Articulatio tarsi transversa
• Trochlea of talus - Trochlea tali
• Tuberosity - Tuberositas ossis cuboidei
• Tuberosity - Tuberositas ossis navicularis
• Veins - Vena
• Weightings - Weightings