Anatomy of the shoulder (MR) - Atlas of the human body

• This atlas of cross sectional anatomy of the glenohumeral joint (shoulder) is based on imagery by magnetic resonance (MRI). Each anatomical structure is labeled in an interactive way. This tool is at the same time useful for the training and teaching of the anatomy, but also with the experts to illustrate a course or an explanation of pathology to a patient, in particular within the framework of rotator cuff tendon injury and joint disease.

• This software is open and free for any public curious about anatomy, but it was particularly conceived for the radiologists, the rheumatologists, the orthopedic surgeons, the general practitioners, the medical students, and the radiologic technologists.

Cross-sectional anatomy: MR of the shoulder

• A MRI of the shoulder from a healthy subject was performed in the 3 plans of space (coronal, axial, sagittal) commonly used in osteoarticular imagery, with two weightings most commonly used to explore the musculo-skeletal pathology of the shoulder: spin-echo T1 and proton-density with fat saturation sequences.
• The images obtained were exported in JPEG starting from data DICOM stored on the PACS (Picture Archiving and Communicating System).
• The images were post processed with Adobe Photoshop (realignment, reduction of size in order to adapt to the electronic format).
• The interactive and dynamic contents were added with Macromedia Flash.

Illustrations

• We used a 3D volume rendering (CT-scan) of the shoulder. A numeric illustration was secondly painted to show bone anatomy, muscles attachments, ligaments and muscle layers of the rotator cuff.

• These illustrations allow basic anatomical recalls in anatomy of the shoulder and make it possible to be located more easily on an MRI by using the cross-references.

X-rays

In this anatomic tool, we added a new kind of images :

• Radiography of the shoulder (AP and “Y” view)

• Arteriography (angiography) of the right axillary artery.

Anatomy of the shoulder: how to use anatomic labels

• The menu “anatomical structures” allows the user to visualize only the chosen types of labels :
  • Bones
  • Joints
  • Ligaments
  • Muscles
  • Tendons
  • Lymph nodes
  • Arteries
  • Veins
  • Nerves

• The menu “weightings” makes it possible to choose the type of MR sequence to be viewed: spin-echo T1 or proton-density with fat saturation sequences.
• The menu “plans” allows to choose the visualization of the shoulder in one of the 3 plans of space: axial, coronal, sagittal and to reach the illustrations and x-rays.
• The left side menu provides cross-references to help for a better orientation in space for the user. This one moreover is facilitated by the medical illustrations.
• We have added a new horizontal menu at the bottom, which allows the user to access more quickly to the MR slices or other images (anatomic pictures and x-rays).

• Acromial angle - Angulus acromii
• Acromioclavicular joint - Articulatio acromioclavicularis
• Acromioclavicular ligament - Lig. acromioclaviculare
• Acromion - Acromion
• Anatomical neck - Collum anatomicum
• Anatomical structures - Anatomical structures
• Anterior circumflex humeral artery - A. circumflexa humeri anterior
• Arteries - Arteriae
• Axillary artery - Arteria axillaris
• Axillary lymph nodes - Nodi lymphoidei axillares (Apical nodes - Nodi apicales)
• Axillary lymph nodes - Nodi lymphoidei axillares (Central nodes - Nodi centrales)
• Axillary lymph nodes - Nodi lymphoidei axillares (Humeral nodes; Lateral nodes - Nodi humerales; Nodi laterales)
• Axillary lymph nodes - Nodi lymphoidei axillares (Pectoral nodes; Anterior nodes - Nodi pectorales; Nodi anteriores)
• Axillary lymph nodes - Nodi lymphoidei axillares (Subscapular nodes; Posterior nodes - Nodi subscapulares; Nodi posteriores)
• Axillary nerve - N. axillaris
• Axillary vein - Vena axillaris
• Basilic vein - V. basilica
• Biceps brachii - M. biceps brachii - Long head - Caput longum
• Biceps brachii - M. biceps brachii - Long head - Caput longum (Tendon - Tendo)
• Biceps brachii - M. biceps brachii - Short head - Caput breve
• Biceps brachii - M. biceps brachii - Short head - Caput breve (Tendon - Tendo)
• Bones - Os
• Brachial artery - Arteria brachialis
• Brachial nodes - Nodi brachiales
• Brachial plexus - Plexus brachialis
• Brachial veins - V. Brachiale
• Brachialis - M. brachialis
• Cephalic vein - V. cephalica
• Circumflex scapular artery - A. circumflexa scapulae
• Clavicle - Clavicula
• Conoid ligament - Lig. conoideum
• Coracoacromial ligament - Lig. coracoacromiale
• Coracobrachialis - M. coracobrachialis
• Coracobrachialis - M. coracobrachialis (Tendon - Tendo)
• Coracohumeral ligament - Lig. coracohumerale
• Coracoid process - Processus coracoideus
• Cranial base - Basis cranii (Bones - Os)
• Cranial base - Basis cranii (Foramina - Foramina)
• Crest of greater tubercle; Lateral lip - Crista tuberculi majoris; Labium laterale
• Crest of lesser tubercle; Medial lip - Crista tuberculi minoris; Labium mediale
• Deltoid - M. deltoideus
• Deltoid - M. deltoideus (Acromial part - Pars acromialis)
• Deltoid - M. deltoideus (Clavicular part - Pars clavicularis)
• Deltoid - M. deltoideus (Spinal part - Pars spinalis)
• Deltopectoral nodes; Infraclavicular nodes - Nodi deltopectorales; Nodi infraclaviculares
• Diagrams - Diagrams
• Dorsal scapular artery - A. dorsalis scapulae
• Glenohumeral joint; Shoulder joint - Articulatio humeri; Articulatio glenohumeralis
• Glenohumeral ligaments - Ligg. glenohumeralia (Inferior - Inferior)
• Glenohumeral ligaments - Ligg. glenohumeralia (Middle - Medius)
• Glenohumeral ligaments - Ligg. glenohumeralia (Superior - Superior)
• Glenoid cavity - Cavitas glenoidalis
• Glenoid labrum - Labrum glenoidale
• Greater tubercle - Tuberculum majus
• Head - Caput humeri
• Hide - Hide
• Humerus - Humerus
• Inferior angle - Angulus inferior
• Infraglenoid tubercle - Tuberculum infraglenoidale
• Infraspinatus - M. infraspinatus
• Infraspinatus - M. infraspinatus (Tendon - Tendo)
• Infraspinous fossa - Fossa infraspinata
• Interpectoral nodes - Nodi interpectorales
• Intertubercular sulcus; Bicipital groove - Sulcus intertubercularis
• Joint - Junctura
• Lateral border - Margo lateralis
• Lateral pectoral nerve - N. pectoralis lateralis
• Lateral thoracic artery - A. thoracica lateralis
• Latissimus dorsi - M. latissimus dorsi
• Lesser tubercle - Tuberculum minus
• Levator scapulae - M. levator scapulae
• Ligaments - Ligamenta
• Long thoracic nerve - N. thoracicus longus
• Lymph node - Nodus lymphoideus; Nodus lymphaticus; Lymphonodus
• Medial border - Margo medialis
• Medial pectoral nerve - N. pectoralis medialis
• Muscles - Muscles; Muscular system
• Musculocutaneous nerve - N. musculocutaneus
• Neck of scapula - Collum scapulae
• Nerves - Nerves
• PD-SPIR - PD-SPIR
• Paramammary nodes - Nodi paramammarii
• Pectoralis major - M. pectoralis major
• Pectoralis major - M. pectoralis major (Tendon - Tendo)
• Pectoralis minor - M. pectoralis minor
• Pectoralis minor - M. pectoralis minor (Tendon - Tendo)
• Posterior circumflex humeral artery - A. circumflexa humeri posterior
• Profunda brachii artery; Deep artery of arm - A. profunda brachii
• Rhomboid major - M. rhomboideus major
• Rhomboid minor - M. rhomboideus minor
• Scapula - Scapula
• Serratus anterior - M. serratus anterior
• Spine of scapula - Spina scapulae
• Subclavian artery - Arteria subclavia
• Subclavius - M. subclavius
• Subdeltoid bursa - Bursa subdeltoidea + Subacromial bursa - Bursa subacromialis
• Subscapular artery - A. subscapularis
• Subscapular fossa - Fossa subscapularis
• Subscapularis - M. subscapularis
• Subscapularis - M. subscapularis (Tendon - Tendo)
• Subtendinous bursa of subscapularis - Bursa subtendinea musculi subscapularis
• Superior angle - Angulus superior
• Superior border - Margo superior
• Superior lateral brachial cutaneous nerve - N. cutaneus brachii lateralis superior
• Superior thoracic artery - A. thoracica superior
• Superior transverse scapular ligament - Lig. transversum scapulae superius
• Supraclavicular nodes - Nodi supraclaviculares
• Supraglenoid tubercle - Tuberculum supraglenoidale
• Suprascapular artery - A. suprascapularis
• Suprascapular nerve - N. suprascapularis
• Suprascapular notch - Incisura scapulae
• Supraspinatus - M. supraspinatus
• Supraspinatus - M. supraspinatus (Tendon - Tendo)
• Supraspinous fossa - Fossa supraspinata
• Surgical neck - Collum chirurgicum
• T1 - T1
• Tendon - Tendo
• Teres major - M. teres major
• Teres major - M. teres major (Tendon - Tendo)
• Teres minor - M. teres minor
• Teres minor - M. teres minor (Tendon - Tendo)
• Thoracoacromial artery - A. thoracoacromialis
• Thoracoacromial artery - A. thoracoacromialis (Acromial branch - R. acromialis)
• Thoracoacromial artery - A. thoracoacromialis (Clavicular branch - R. clavicularis)
• Thoracoacromial artery - A. thoracoacromialis (Deltoid branch - R. deltoideus)
• Thoracoacromial artery - A. thoracoacromialis (Pectoral branches - Rr. pectorales)
• Thoracodorsal artery - A. thoracodorsalis
• Thoracodorsal nerve - N. thoracodorsalis
• Transverse humeral ligament - Lig. transversum humeri
• Trapezius - M. trapezius
• Trapezoid ligament - Lig. trapezoideum
• Triceps brachii - M. triceps brachii - Lateral head - Caput laterale
• Triceps brachii - M. triceps brachii - Long head - Caput longum
• Triceps brachii - M. triceps brachii - Medial head - Caput mediale
• Ulnar nerve - N. ulnaris - Median nerve - N. medianus - Radial nerve - N. radialis - Medial cutaneous nerve of forearm - N. cutaneus antebrachii medialis - Medial cutaneous nerve of arm - N. cutaneus brachii medialis
• Veins - Vena
• Weightings - Weightings