e-Anatomy

 This anatomy module deals with the anatomy of the central nervous system, especially the brain. It consists of 64 drawings, illustrations and anatomical charts, all in "vector" format. This neuroanatomical atlas is therefore ideally adapted to the format of the web.

Illustrations and diagrams of the brain

These original illustrations and diagrams of the brain were produced from 3D medical imaging reconstructions. They were redrawn and colourised using Adobe Illustrator.
These anatomical plates include the principal diagrams necessary for medical students, nursing students, residents, practitioners, anatomists to study the anatomy of the brain, to illustrate a course or explain a pathology to a patient.
This atlas of human anatomy is composed of several chapters:

• The basic structure of a neuron and an overall diagram of the human nervous system

Meninges : Coronal section

• A study of the meninges and ventricles, with the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid and an illustration of the dura mater and falx cerebri

Ventricular system , Neuroanatomy : Lateral aspect

Meninges , Cranial dura mater : Gross anatomy , Illustrations: A. Micheau - MD

•  A topographical anatomy of the brain to visualise the different levels (encephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon, pons and cerebellum, rhombencephalon and prosencephalon) as well as a diagram of the various cerebral lobes (frontal lobe, occipital, parietal, temporal, limbic and insular). It should be noted that the limbic lobe is functional and is thus made up of several parts of other lobes, which always makes its representation challenging.

Neuroanatomy : Cerebral lobes

• Different views of the brain are then presented, allowing the study of the anatomy of the sulci (central Rolandic fissure, Sylvian lateral sulcus...) and gyrus (cerebral convolutions).
• The anatomical study of the brain is then continued with the study of commissural fibres, including notably the corpus callosum, the fornix, septum pellucidum, the anterior commissure and then through the study of the basal ganglia (lenticular nucleus, nucleus caudate and globus pallidus) and related structures (medial and lateral blade cords, internal and external and extreme capsules, claustrum).

Corpus callosum , Fornix : Human anatomy (Anatomy diagram)

Basal nuclei and related structures : Superior aspect; Vertical aspect

• The study of the limbic lobe is used to specify the structures of the hippocampus (uncus, dentate gyrus, fimbria, subiculum) and a schematic of the Papez circuit

Hippocampus , Medial view/Coronal section

• The diencephalon is represented by a posterior view of the thalamus with its nuclei, followed by a sagittal section to locate the hypothalamus (including mammillary bodies, tuber cinereum, lamina terminalis), the epithalamus (with the pineal gland and habenula) and metathalamus.

Diencephalon , Sagittal section : Anatomy diagram

• The functional study of the cerebral cortex is illustrated by the Penfield motor homunculus and Brodmann cortical areas, including the Broca and Wernicke areas. It is necessary to keep in mind that these data are old and probably incomplete or erroneous.

Neuroanatomy : Brodmann areas, Broca area, Wernicke area

• Three anatomical sections of the brain (axial, coronal and sagittal) close this chapter on the brain.

Brain , Coronal section : Brain , Anatomy diagram

• Numerous illustrations are provided of the cerebellum, with representation of cerebellar lobes, fissures, sulci and the vermis.

Cerebellum , Anterior view : Diagram

Brainstem : Neuroanatomy

• The brain stem has been represented at multiple angles, to show the external structures of the midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata (bulb) and a projection of the cranial nerve nuclei on the floor of the fourth ventricle.

Nucleus of cranial nerve , Brainstem/Fourth ventricle : Posterior view

• The study of the internal structure of the brain stem is shown with multiple diagrams in axial section showing the nuclei, tract, fibres and lemnisci. It should be noted that many structures are not represented for didactic purposes.
• The major functional sense pathways are represented in a somewhat simplistic (and therefore inaccurate...) manner: extrapyramidal and pyramidal tracts, lemniscal and extralemniscal sense pathways and spinocerebellar system.
• The study of the arterial supply of blood to the brain is facilitated by a diagram showing the cerebral arterial vascular areas in lateral and medial views and axial and coronal section and by diagrams of arteries forming the Willis' circle (internal and vertebral carotid arteries, basilar artery, anterior and posterior communicating arteries, middle, anterior and posterior cerebral arteries).

Arteries of brain : Drawings

• Finally some illustrations show the venous sinuses of the dura mater and a coronal section of the cavernous sinus

Dural venous sinuses , Cerebral veins : Atlas of human anatomy

Cavernous sinus : Coronal section (Neuroanatomy/Cerebral veins)

All illustrations are original and designed by Dr. Antoine Micheau and are therefore subject to copyright and intellectual property: no copying or reproduction is permitted.

Anatomy of the central nervous system: use of interactive anatomical labels

The user can select multiple groups of captions to display on the illustrations:

• Cerebral lobes / regions
• Cerebrum, divided into: frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, insula; insular lobe, occipital lobe, limbic lobe, commissural fibres of the telencephalon, basal nuclei and associated structures and basal forebrain
• Diencephalon
• Cerebellum
• The brain stem, subdivided into midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata (bulb, myelencephalon).
• Cranial nerves
• Ventricles and meninges
• Functional with the motor pathways and the senses and some brainstem nuclei
• Cerebral veins and venous sinuses of the dura mater

at the same time a tab permits navigation between chapters.

Bibliographical references:

• Terminologia Anatomica: International Anatomical Terminology - FCAT Federative Committee on Anatomical Terminology, Federative Committee on Anatomical Terminology - Thieme, 1998 - ISBN 3131152516, 9783131152510
• Lexique illustré d'anatomie Feneis – Feneis - Publisher: Flammarion Médecine-Sciences (23 août 2007) - Collection: ATLAS DE POCHE - ISBN-10: 225712250X - ISBN-13: 978-2257122506
• Atlas d'anatomie humaine - 4th edition - Frank-H Netter - Pierre Kamina (Translator) - Published on: 25/07/2007 - Publisher: Masson - ISBN: 978-2-294-08042-5 - EAN: 9782294080425 (link: http://www.netterimages.com/)
• Anatomie topographique, descriptive et fonctionnelle – Alain Bouchet, Jacques Cuilleret – Publisher: Masson (1991) - Language: French - ISBN-10: 2225824673 - ISBN-13: 978-2225824678
• Anatomie, Volume 1 (Body), 2 (Musculoskeletal System), 3 (ENT), 4 (Neuroanatomy) – by Jean-Marc Chevalier - Publisher: Flammarion Médecine (1 November 1998) - Collection: Monographs - Language: French - ISBN-10: 2257101286 - ISBN-13: 978-2257101280