Anatomia dei nervi cranici

Anatomia dei nervi cranici

Anatomia dei nervi cranici


Questo modulo di anatomia riguarda i nervi cranici. È composto da 15 disegni anatomici vettoriali e 280 strutture anatomiche con didascalie. 
Esso è destinato all’utilizzo da parte di studenti di medicina che lavorano sull’anatomia umana, studenti di infermieristica, fisioterapisti, elettroradiologi e specializzandi - soprattutto coloro che lavorano nella neurologia, neurochirurgia, otorinolaringoiatria - e per ogni medico che ha bisogno di accedere velocemente e facilmente alle illustrazioni anatomiche dei dodici nervi cranici.

Cranial nerves - Anatomy (Brainstem) : Abducent nerve; Abducens nerve [VI], Accessory nerve [XI], Facial nerve [VII], Mandibular nerve; Mandibular division [Vc; V3], Maxillary nerve; Maxillary division [Vb; V2], Oculomotor nerve [III], Olfactory nerve [I], Ophthalmic nerve; Ophthalmic division [Va; V1], Optic nerve [II], Terminal nerve [0], Trigeminal nerve [V], Trochlear nerve [IV], Vagus nerve [X], Vestibulocochlear nerve [VIII], Glossopharyngeal nerve [IX], Hypoglossal nerve [XII]
Cranial nerves , Anatomy : Brainstem (Anterior view)

 

 

Diagrammi dei nervi cranici

Questi disegni anatomici originali sono stati prodotti digitalmente, lavorando su risorse di imaging e ricostruzioni 3D usando Adobe Illustrator. 
Essi sono stati poi inclusi in moduli anatomici e definiti usando Adobe Animate. 

  • Le prime due illustrazioni riguardano i nervi cranici che emergono dal tronco encefalico e il loro passaggio attraverso i vari forami della base cranica. 
Cranial nerves - Cranial base : Foramina : Cribriform plate, Optic canal, Superior orbital fissure, Foramen rotundum, Foramen ovale, Internal acoustic meatus, Jugular foramen, Hypoglossal canal
Cranial nerves , Cranial base : Foramina

 

  • I nervi olfattivi (I) sono rappresentati assieme alle strutture cerebrali adiacenti coinvolte nell’olfatto (bulbo olfattorio e tratto olfattivo, tubercolo olfattivo, stria olfattiva…)
Olfactory nerve [I] - Anatomy (Anatomical illustrations) : Olfactory nerves, Olfactory bulb, Subcallosal area; Subcallosal gyrus, Paraolfactory sulci, Paraolfactory area, Paraterminal gyrus, Olfactory tract, Medial stria, Olfactory trigone,  Olfactory tubercle ,Lateral stria
Olfactory nerve [I] : Anatomy (Anatomical illustrations)

 

  • Il nervo ottico (II) è rappresentato in un diagramma che raggruppa le vie ottiche e i diversi livelli di possibili lesioni (emianopsia, quadrantopsia, cecità monoculare)
Optic nerve [II] - Schematic Human anatomy : Retina, Optic chiasma,  Optic tract, Lateral geniculate body, Optic radiation, Visual cortex, [UMLS:C0271202], [UMLS:C0271208], [UMLS:C0544680], [UMLS:C0750958], [UMLS:C0155320]
Optic nerve [II] : Schematic

 

  • I nervi oculomotori (nervo oculomotore (III), trocleare (IV) e abducente (VI)) sono rappresentati nello stesso diagramma; emergono dal tronco encefalico passando per il seno cavernoso e la fessura orbitaria superiore, per poi innervare la cavità orbitale e i suoi contenuti (muscoli extraoculari, ganglio ciliare…).

 

Oculomotor nerve [III] - Trochlear nerve [IV] - Abducent nerve; Abducens nerve [VI] : Anatomy atlas : Superior branch,  Inferior branch,  Branch to ciliary ganglion; Parasympathetic root of ciliary ganglion; Oculomotor root of ciliary ganglion,  Parasympathetic root of ciliary ganglion; Oculomotor root of ciliary ganglion; Branch of oculomotor nerve to ciliary ganglion, Ciliary ganglion, Obliquus capitis superior, Lateral rectus
Oculomotor nerve [III] , Trochlear nerve [IV] , Abducent nerve; Abducens nerve [VI] : Anatomy atlas

 

  • I dermatomi del trigemino (V) sono rappresentati in un diagramma della faccia
  • I rami del trigemino (V) sono rappresentati in tre diversi diagrammi
    • Il nervo oftalmico (V1) nella cavità orbitale con le sue ramificazioni principali (nervo frontale, nervo lacrimale, nervo etmoidale anteriore e posteriore, nervo nasociliare, ramo comunicante con il ganglio ciliare, nervo sopraorbitale, nervo sopratrocleare, nervo infratrocleare, nervi ciliari lunghi)
    • Il nervo mascellare (V2) del ganglio trigeminale (ganglio di Gasser) con le varie ramificazioni destinate al viso
    • Il nervo mandibolare (V3) con le sue ramificazioni destinate alla faccia e alla mandibola così come le sue connessioni con il nervo facciale attraverso la corda del timpano. 
       
  • Lo schema del nervo facciale (VII) è diviso in due parti, una parte intrapetrosa con il ganglio genicolato, il nervo grande petroso e la corda del timpano, l’altra parte consiste nell’area facciale in seguito all’emergenza dal forame stilomastoideo. 
Facial nerve [VII] - Anatomy : Medical illustrations (Imaios - E-anatomy) :Geniculum, Nerve to stapedius, Posterior auricular nerve, Occipital branch, Auricular branch, Digastric branch, Stylohyoid branch, Communicating branch with glossopharyngeal nerve, Parotid plexus, Temporal branches, Zygomatic branches, Buccal branches, Lingual branch of facial nerve, Marginal mandibular branch, Cervical branch, Intermediate nerve, Geniculate ganglion, Greater petrosal nerve, Parasympathetic root of pterygopalatine ganglion; Greater petrosal nerve, Chorda tympani, Parasympathetic root of submandibular ganglion; Chorda tympani, Communicating branch with tympanic plexus, Communicating branch with vagus nerve
Facial nerve [VII] , Anatomy : Medical illustrations (Imaios - E-anatomy)

 

  • Il nervo vestiboloculare (nervo vestibolare) (VIII) passa nel meato acustico interno per innervare le strutture dell’orecchio interno (nervo cocleare: cocleare, nervo vestibolare: utricolo, sacculo, canali semicircolari)
Human anatomy - Vestibulocochlear nerve [VIII] : Vestibular nerve, Vestibular ganglion, Cochlear communicating branch, Superior part of vestibular nerve, Utriculoampullary nerve, Utricular nerve, Anterior ampullary nerve, Lateral ampullary nerve, Inferior part of vestibular nerve, Posterior ampullary nerve, Saccular nerve, Cochlear nerve, Cochlear ganglion; Spiral ganglion
Human anatomy : Vestibulocochlear nerve [VIII]

 

  • Il nervo glossofaringeo (IX) è schematizzato nel diagramma della faringe e della cavità orale in sezione sagittale, con le sue ramificazioni faringee, tonsillari e linguali e per il seno carotideo. 
Cranial nerves : Glossopharyngeal nerve [IX] - Diagram : Superior ganglion, Inferior ganglion, Tympanic nerve, Tympanic enlargement; Tympanic ganglion, Tympanic plexus, Tubal branch, Caroticotympanic nerves, Communicating branch with auricular branch of vagus nerve, Communicating branch of vagus with glossopharyngeal nerve, Pharyngeal branches, Stylopharyngeal branch, Carotid branch, Tonsillar branches, Lingual branches, Lesser petrosal nerve; Parasympathetic root of otic ganglion, Parasympathetic root of otic ganglion; Lesser petrosal nerve, Communicating branch with meningeal branch, Communicating branch with auriculotemporal nerve, Communicating branch with chorda tympani
Cranial nerves : Glossopharyngeal nerve [IX] , Diagram

 

  • Un diagramma del nervo vago (X) con tutte le sue ramificazioni per i vasi, il petto e le viscere addominopelviche. 
Vagus nerve [X] -  Anatomy - Human body : Superior ganglion, Meningeal branch, Auricular branch, Inferior ganglion, Pharyngeal branch, Pharyngeal plexus, Superior laryngeal nerve, External branch, Internal branch, Communicating branch with recurrent laryngeal nerve, Superior cervical cardiac branches, Inferior cervical cardiac branches, Recurrent laryngeal nerve, Right recurrent laryngeal nerve, Left recurrent laryngeal nerve, Tracheal branches, Oesophageal branches, Pharyngeal branches, Thoracic cardiac branches, Bronchial branches, Pulmonary plexus, Oesophageal plexus, Anterior vagal trunk, Anterior gastric branches, Anterior nerve of lesser curvature, Hepatic branches, Pyloric branch, Posterior vagal trunk, Posterior gastric branches, Posterior nerve of lesser curvature, Coeliac branches, Renal branches
Vagus nerve [X] : Anatomy , Human body

 

  • Il nervo accessorio (XI) innerva il trapezio e i muscoli sternocleidomastoidei in seguito ad anastomosi con il nervo vago e il plesso cervicale.  
Accessory nerve [XI] - Human anatomy (Drawings : Imaios/E-anatomy) : Cranial root; Vagal part,  Spinal root; Spinal part,  Trunk of accessory nerve,  Internal branch,  External branch,  Muscular branches
Accessory nerve [XI] , Human anatomy (Drawings : Imaios/E-anatomy)

 

  • Infine, il nervo ipoglosso (XII) innerva principalmente la lingua in seguito ad anastomosi con il plesso cervicale e l’ansa cervicale. 
Hypoglossal nerve [XII] - Illustrations : Tongue, Lingual branches
Hypoglossal nerve [XII] : Illustrations

 

Utilizzo di questo atlante di anatomia umana 

Vi sono 3 categorie di didascalie delle illustrazioni : nervi cranici, forami e organi.
L’utente può visualizzare i disegni anatomici usando il menù “tutte le serie” nel quale ogni unità corrisponde ad un nervo cranico. 

Cranial nerves - Anatomy (Brainstem) : Abducent nerve; Abducens nerve [VI], Accessory nerve [XI], Facial nerve [VII], Mandibular nerve; Mandibular division [Vc; V3], Maxillary nerve; Maxillary division [Vb; V2], Oculomotor nerve [III], Olfactory nerve [I], Ophthalmic nerve; Ophthalmic division [Va; V1], Optic nerve [II], Terminal nerve [0], Trigeminal nerve [V], Trochlear nerve [IV], Vagus nerve [X], Vestibulocochlear nerve [VIII], Glossopharyngeal nerve [IX], Hypoglossal nerve [XII]
Figura 1 - Cranial nerves , Anatomy : Brainstem (Anterior view)
Cranial nerves - Cranial base : Foramina : Cribriform plate, Optic canal, Superior orbital fissure, Foramen rotundum, Foramen ovale, Internal acoustic meatus, Jugular foramen, Hypoglossal canal
Figura 2 - Cranial nerves , Cranial base : Foramina
Olfactory nerve [I] - Anatomy (Anatomical illustrations) : Olfactory nerves, Olfactory bulb, Subcallosal area; Subcallosal gyrus, Paraolfactory sulci, Paraolfactory area, Paraterminal gyrus, Olfactory tract, Medial stria, Olfactory trigone,  Olfactory tubercle ,Lateral stria
Figura 3 - Olfactory nerve [I] : Anatomy (Anatomical illustrations)
Optic nerve [II] - Schematic Human anatomy : Retina, Optic chiasma,  Optic tract, Lateral geniculate body, Optic radiation, Visual cortex, [UMLS:C0271202], [UMLS:C0271208], [UMLS:C0544680], [UMLS:C0750958], [UMLS:C0155320]
Figura 4 - Optic nerve [II] : Schematic
Oculomotor nerve [III] - Trochlear nerve [IV] - Abducent nerve; Abducens nerve [VI] : Anatomy atlas : Superior branch,  Inferior branch,  Branch to ciliary ganglion; Parasympathetic root of ciliary ganglion; Oculomotor root of ciliary ganglion,  Parasympathetic root of ciliary ganglion; Oculomotor root of ciliary ganglion; Branch of oculomotor nerve to ciliary ganglion, Ciliary ganglion, Obliquus capitis superior, Lateral rectus
Figura 5 - Oculomotor nerve [III] , Trochlear nerve [IV] , Abducent nerve; Abducens nerve [VI] : Anatomy atlas
Facial nerve [VII] - Anatomy : Medical illustrations (Imaios - E-anatomy) :Geniculum, Nerve to stapedius, Posterior auricular nerve, Occipital branch, Auricular branch, Digastric branch, Stylohyoid branch, Communicating branch with glossopharyngeal nerve, Parotid plexus, Temporal branches, Zygomatic branches, Buccal branches, Lingual branch of facial nerve, Marginal mandibular branch, Cervical branch, Intermediate nerve, Geniculate ganglion, Greater petrosal nerve, Parasympathetic root of pterygopalatine ganglion; Greater petrosal nerve, Chorda tympani, Parasympathetic root of submandibular ganglion; Chorda tympani, Communicating branch with tympanic plexus, Communicating branch with vagus nerve
Figura 6 - Facial nerve [VII] , Anatomy : Medical illustrations (Imaios - E-anatomy)
Human anatomy - Vestibulocochlear nerve [VIII] : Vestibular nerve, Vestibular ganglion, Cochlear communicating branch, Superior part of vestibular nerve, Utriculoampullary nerve, Utricular nerve, Anterior ampullary nerve, Lateral ampullary nerve, Inferior part of vestibular nerve, Posterior ampullary nerve, Saccular nerve, Cochlear nerve, Cochlear ganglion; Spiral ganglion
Figura 7 - Human anatomy : Vestibulocochlear nerve [VIII]
Cranial nerves : Glossopharyngeal nerve [IX] - Diagram : Superior ganglion, Inferior ganglion, Tympanic nerve, Tympanic enlargement; Tympanic ganglion, Tympanic plexus, Tubal branch, Caroticotympanic nerves, Communicating branch with auricular branch of vagus nerve, Communicating branch of vagus with glossopharyngeal nerve, Pharyngeal branches, Stylopharyngeal branch, Carotid branch, Tonsillar branches, Lingual branches, Lesser petrosal nerve; Parasympathetic root of otic ganglion, Parasympathetic root of otic ganglion; Lesser petrosal nerve, Communicating branch with meningeal branch, Communicating branch with auriculotemporal nerve, Communicating branch with chorda tympani
Figura 8 - Cranial nerves : Glossopharyngeal nerve [IX] , Diagram
Vagus nerve [X] -  Anatomy - Human body : Superior ganglion, Meningeal branch, Auricular branch, Inferior ganglion, Pharyngeal branch, Pharyngeal plexus, Superior laryngeal nerve, External branch, Internal branch, Communicating branch with recurrent laryngeal nerve, Superior cervical cardiac branches, Inferior cervical cardiac branches, Recurrent laryngeal nerve, Right recurrent laryngeal nerve, Left recurrent laryngeal nerve, Tracheal branches, Oesophageal branches, Pharyngeal branches, Thoracic cardiac branches, Bronchial branches, Pulmonary plexus, Oesophageal plexus, Anterior vagal trunk, Anterior gastric branches, Anterior nerve of lesser curvature, Hepatic branches, Pyloric branch, Posterior vagal trunk, Posterior gastric branches, Posterior nerve of lesser curvature, Coeliac branches, Renal branches
Figura 9 - Vagus nerve [X] : Anatomy , Human body
Accessory nerve [XI] - Human anatomy (Drawings : Imaios/E-anatomy) : Cranial root; Vagal part,  Spinal root; Spinal part,  Trunk of accessory nerve,  Internal branch,  External branch,  Muscular branches
Figura 10 - Accessory nerve [XI] , Human anatomy (Drawings : Imaios/E-anatomy)
Hypoglossal nerve [XII] - Illustrations : Tongue, Lingual branches
Figura 11 - Hypoglossal nerve [XII] : Illustrations
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