CT画像による馬の手根骨についてのラベル化した断面解剖学
Preamble
The present document contains important information on the conditions (hereinafter "Conditions") of subscription to the paid services available on the site, accessible at www.imaios.com (hereinafter "Site") or offered in the applications, available on the Apple Store and Google Play platforms (hereinafter "Applications") and published by the company IMAIOS (hereinafter "Publisher" or "Licensor"). In this respect, as the Applications are available on these platforms, the Customer using the Applications shall also be required to accept the terms of use of the Apple Store or Google Play platform. The Conditions are reserved solely for consumers, as defined by law and jurisprudence, acting exclusively on their own behalf. In accordance with Articles L. 111-1 to L. 111-3 of the French Consumer Code, the essential characteristics and prices of the Paid Services are available on the Site and the Applications.
The Conditions are accessible, before any order and before its completion on the Site and on the Applications.
Publisher identification
Company name: IMAIOS
Corporate form: SAS
Registered office: 2 Allée Charles Darwin, 34170 Castelnau-le-Lez
Registered at the RCS of Montpellier under the number 505 111 716
VAT number: FR 93 505 111 716
Holder of a professional civil liability policy with AXA France IARS SA, for the year 2021 and tacitly renewable, covering certain damages occurring throughout the world.
Represented for the purposes hereof by Denis HOA, acting as President and duly authorized to sign the present, domiciled at the said head office.
Address: 2 Allée Charles Darwin, 34170 Castelnau-le-Lez
Email: contact@imaios.com
1. Purpose of the contract
1.1 Definitions
For the purposes of this contract, the terms below are defined as follow:
"License" refers to this License agreement defining the conditions of access and use of the Products imposed by the Publisher that the Customer accepts in order to place an order. According to the terms of this License, the Editor grants the Customer a license to use the Software for internal purposes as well as for its own needs. This term refers to the present contract, its annexes and its successive modifications.
"Licensee" or "Customer" or "User": means the natural person wishing to access and use the Paid Services offered by IMAIOS under the conditions set forth in this license, acting in his or her own name.
"Software" or “Solution” means original Software (including but not limited to, e-Anatomy, vet-Anatomy, QEVLAR Radiology, QEVLAR Quiz, IDV Dicom Viewer, Anatomy Ninja Lower Limb and Anatomy Ninja Upper Limb) pursuant to Article L112-2 13° of the Intellectual Property Code published and distributed by IMAIOS and for which the Licensee wishes to have access to paying functionalities. This original Software is based on intangible elements and components such as the development of a source code, a set of instructions, programs ( such as graphic interface, databases, etc.), processes and rules which are the result of specific and creative choices and above all of intellectual contribution. It also means the documentation associated with said products and their accessories (images, texts, etc.), i.e. any element attached to or associated with the Software that allows their functioning and use.
"Paid Services": refers to paid access to features of the Software, available on the Site or within the Applications. The Licensor hereby grants the Licensee, who accepts it, a non-exclusive, non-transferable, non-assignable, revocable license to use the paid-for software features ordered for the entire duration of this License, in accordance with its intended purpose and for its personal needs only.
1.2 Purpose
The purpose of this contract is thus to determine the conditions of subscription by the Customer allowing him to use the Paid Services of the Products, accessible from the Site or the Applications, within the limits of use defined in the License.
1.3 Scope
The Licensee declares that he has read the documentation freely accessible on the IMAIOS website, which presents the characteristics of the Software, as well as the terms and conditions of the License granted by the Publisher to the Customer for the Software and, in the event of an order placed on the Apple Store or Google Play platform, the related terms of use.
The Licensee acknowledges that the granted use only allows the Software to be consulted on the Website or within the Applications downloaded onto the mobile device (tablet, telephone) belonging to the Licensee. The Licensee agrees that this License does not include any additional services other than the Paid Services "defined" in Article 1.1 "Definitions". This License does not authorize the Licensee to grant sub-licenses.
This License does not include user support for the Licensee.
Licensee hereby agrees that the Software contains proprietary content, information and materials that are protected by applicable intellectual property and other laws, including but not limited to copyright, and that Licensee shall not use such proprietary content, information or materials in any manner whatsoever, except for the permitted use of the Software under the terms of this Agreement.
The Licensor's intellectual property rights in trademarks, designs and models are not within the scope of this License.
2. Terms of order
In order to subscribe to Paid Services, the Customer must follow the steps below:
2.1. On the Site
a. The Customer will type in the address of the Site.
b. The Customer will follow the instructions of the Site and in particular, the instructions necessary for the registration of the Customer, reflected by the creation of a User account if he does not already have one: in this case, the Customer will have, in particular, to provide information relating to his title, his name, his first name, his billing address and his e-mail address. The Customer agrees to provide true and accurate information. The Customer may, at any time, modify his personal information, his login and password, by accessing his account. The Customer is the only one responsible for the use of his login and password, which he agrees to keep secret. In case of loss or unauthorized use of his account, it is up to the Customer to inform the Publisher without delay, by using the tab "Contact" present on all the pages of the Site. In the event of a possible loss of the password, when opening the session and entering the username and password, the Customer can click on a link that will allow him to ask the Publisher to grant him a new password that will be sent to the address indicated in his personal information.
c. From then on, the Customer will read the present on the link "Subscription Terms & Conditions" as well as the conditions of access and use of the site and the applications. The Customer will then check the box "I accept the Subscription Terms & Conditions and Conditions of access & use".
d. It is then up to the Customer who wishes to access the Paid Services to fill in the order form. In the event of prolonged inactivity during the connection, it is possible that the selection of the Paid Services chosen by the Customer before this inactivity is no longer guaranteed. The Customer is then invited to restart the selection of the Paid Services from the beginning. The Customer will check the elements of the order and, if necessary, identify and correct any errors; it is always possible to abandon the order until confirmation.
e. The Customer will confirm the order and follow the instructions of the online payment server to pay the Total Price.
f. The Customer will be redirected to the "My Order" page. At the same time, the Customer will receive an electronic order confirmation, showing the order number and the price paid. The Customer will be able to access an invoice in electronic format on his account. It is recommended to print the order confirmation page, in order to keep the elements of the order, as well as the order number. This number must be remembered for any claim.
2.2 On Applications
a. The Customer shall go to the Application, or, if he does not already have it, to the Application download platform, Apple Store or Google Play in order to download the Application, in accordance with the terms and conditions applicable to the relevant platform and agreeing to abide by the conditions of access and use of the site and the Applications.
b. If he wishes, the Customer may create a User account within the Application, in order to be able to benefit from the Paid Services on other devices, such as on the Site or the same application on another platform. To this end, he must provide information on his title, surname, first name and e-mail address. The Customer agrees to provide true and accurate information. The Customer may, at any time, modify his personal information, his login and password, by accessing his account. The Customer is the only one responsible for the use of his login and password, which he agrees to keep secret. In case of loss or unauthorized use of his account, it is the Customer's responsibility to notify the Publisher without delay, using the "Contact" tab in the Applications. In the event of a lost password, when logging in and entering the username and password, the Customer may click on a link that will lead the Publisher to grant a new password which will be sent to the Customer at the address indicated in his personal information.
c. In any case, the subscription to the Paid Services is made with the platform. Therefore, in addition to reading these terms and conditions on the "Subscription Terms" link, as well as the terms and conditions of access and use of the website and applications, and checking the box "I accept the Subscription Terms & Conditions and Conditions of access & use", the Customer will also be bound by the general terms and conditions of the platform, Google Play or Apple Store, which he will have already read when downloading the Application and which he will be required to accept again.
d. It is then up to the Customer who wishes to access the Paid Services to order the desired services by selecting the services, clicking on "Subscribe" and then on the desired subscription and on "Subscribe". The Customer will then validate his order, according to the terms retained by the platform and will follow the platform's instructions to pay the price.
e. The Customer shall receive an electronic order confirmation without delay, showing the order number and the price paid. The Customer will be able to access an invoice in electronic format on his account within the platform. It is recommended to keep the order confirmation page, in order to keep the elements composing the order, as well as the order number. This number must be mentioned for any claim.
3. Access to Paid Services and Withdrawal
3.1 Access and Limitation
Access to the Paid Services on the Site will be activated after validation and payment of the order, by providing a username and password. The Customer will be able to access, by logging in on the Site, the Paid Services ordered and paid for. Access to the Paid Services on the Applications occurs after payment has been made on the Application, on the Customer's Google Play or Apple Store account, but can also be done by linking, within the Application, to the account opened on the Site in order to benefit from the paid services that have been subscribed to on the Site. Indeed, while the use of the Customer's account is strictly individual, no account sharing being accepted, the Customer is entitled to use, in a non-simultaneous manner, the Paid Services on several devices, on the basis of a single subscription.
The Licensee acknowledges that the use of the Paid Services does not include any installation, adaptation, customization, or training services: such services, if required, will be billed separately upon request by the Licensee to the Licensor.
3.2 Withdrawal
Concerning the orders made on the Site, the Customer benefits, beyond even the legal prescriptions, from a right of retraction of 30 (thirty) days from the day his order has been completed. The Customer can thus during this period, without attesting to any reason, go back on his commitment by sending to the Publisher, ideally with acknowledgement of receipt, a letter or an e-mail in that sense and without any ambiguity. A standard withdrawal form, which is only an example, is communicated to the Customer in the appendix. The refund will then take place within 14 (fourteen) days.With respect to orders for Paid Services placed on the Applications, the Google Play or Apple Store terms of use apply.
In this respect, the Customer ordering services on the Apple Store as well as on Google Play expressly acknowledges, due to the nature of the subject matter of the contract (access to and use of Products requested by the Customer prior to any exercise of a right of withdrawal), and by virtue of Article L.221-28 of the French Consumer Code, that withdrawal is excluded when the download of the Paid Services takes place at the time of the order on the Apple Store and that the services ordered on Google Play are also immediately available. He therefore waives the fourteen-day withdrawal period provided for in Article L221-18 of the same code, for the services offered by the Publisher under these conditions, on Google Play or Apple Store.
During the realization of the various stages mentioned above of the order, the Customer commits himself to respect the present contractual conditions.
In accordance with article L. 121-11 of the French Consumer Code, the Publisher reserves the right to refuse the order for any legitimate reason and in particular if it is abnormal, placed in bad faith or when there is a dispute with the Customer concerning the payment of a previous order.
4. Price and payment
4.1 Price
To access and use the Paid Services, the Customer must pay the price corresponding to the service in question and to the duration of the subscription chosen.
The price of the subscription allowing access to and use of the Paid Services is specified on the current price list available on the Site or on the Application and mentioned again at the time of the order; it includes all taxes.
The Paid Services correspond to:
· the cost of granting this License for the use of the Site and Applications;
· if applicable, the cost of support, usage statistics, hosting, and bandwidth for the use of the Software.
All other services are not included in the Price, including any potential installation, adaptation, customization or training fees: such services, if required, will be billed separately upon request by the Licensee to the Licensor. In this regard, the telecommunication fees related to access to the Site or the Application shall remain the sole responsibility of the Client. The validity period of the offers and prices is determined by the updating of the Site and the Applications.
4.2 Payment
On the Site, the payment of the total price by the Customer is carried out by credit card, Apple Pay, Google Pay, WeChat Pay or Alipay via the third party service Stripe, or by Paypal. The accepted credit cards are those of the VISA, MASTERCARD and AMERICAN EXPRESS networks issued and payable in France and the EURO zone.
Where applicable, the transaction is immediately debited from the Customer's bank card after verification of the card's data, upon receipt of the debit authorization from the company issuing the bank card used by the Customer.
The commitment to pay by means of a payment card is irrevocable. By providing his credit card information, the Customer authorizes the payment provider to debit his credit card for the amount corresponding to the total price.
To this end, the Customer confirms that he is the holder of the bank card to be debited and that the name on the bank card is indeed his. The Customer communicates the sixteen digits and the expiry date of his credit card as well as, if necessary, the numbers of the visual cryptogram.
In the event that it is impossible to debit the total price, the order will be immediately canceled by right.
The Licensor makes every effort to ensure the confidentiality and security of data transmitted on the Site. The Customer is informed that when paying by credit card, the Licensor uses the services of a service provider who is responsible for ensuring the safety of the payment transaction; the Publisher does not have access to the Customer's credit card numbers which are not stored at the Publisher but at the payment provider. Moreover, when subscribing to paid Services on the Applications, the Publisher does not handle the payment operations, which depend on the platforms.
5. Duration of access and renewal
Access to the Paid Services begins on the day of payment of the order for the duration chosen by the Customer when ordering. For certain Paid Services, individual subscriptions are automatically renewed on the expiration date; the user may at any time, up to and including the day before the renewal, disable this renewal from the interface of his profile, under the section "Subscriptions", or, in the context of the Applications, on the page for managing purchases and/or subscriptions provided by Apple Store (Settings > Apple ID) or Google Play, grouping together all the purchases made through them in the Applications.
The User will be informed of the deadline for objecting to the renewal of the subscription by e-mail, at the earliest 3 months and at the latest 1 month before the annual subscription renewal date.
It is expressly agreed between the Parties that IMAIOS reserves the right to modify its rates and access conditions from one period to another.
In addition, certain Paid Services may be subscribed to for an indefinite period: IMAIOS may not request a new paid subscription for these services, but does not commit to ensuring that these services, or the Application on which they are located, remain available.
6. Applicable contract documents
By using the IMAIOS’ Site and the Applications, the Licensee accepts, without reservation, the Conditions of access and use of the Site and Applications available on the IMAIOS site in free access and on each Application, as well as the Licensor's Privacy Policy. In the event of a conflict between the general terms of use and the present contract, the latter shall prevail. Furthermore, the Customer using the Applications is subject to the terms of use of the platform used, namely Google Play or Apple Store. In the event of a conflict between those conditions and the present terms and conditions, the latter shall prevail.
7. Termination
In the event of a breach by either party of any of its contractual obligations, this agreement may be terminated, ipso jure and without judicial formality, at the request of the injured party, in the absence of an amicable agreement, after formal notice to perform has been served by registered letter with acknowledgement of receipt which has remained unsuccessful for a period of thirty days, simply by sending a registered letter with acknowledgement of receipt notifying said termination. In the event that the Licensee fails to comply with its obligations, no refund of the price paid, corresponding to the remaining period of the subscription, will be granted.
8. Miscellaneous provisions
Unless proven otherwise, the data recorded on the page "My Account" of the Site constitutes proof of all Orders placed on the Site, and the Customer may thus access the history of orders placed at any time. Similarly, orders placed on the Applications are visible on the Apple Store or Google Play platforms.
The Customer may access the contracts binding the parties at the time of the order (Subscription Conditions, Privacy Policy, Terms and conditions of access and use of the Site and Applications) on the Site and via links within the Applications. The Customer may download these contracts and keep them in a durable manner on any other medium of his choice.
This Agreement shall be binding upon and inure to the benefit of the parties and their respective successors in interest. Licensee may not assign its rights, obligations or privileges hereunder or under any law, except with the prior written consent of Licensor.
The translation of the Conditions into any other language is provided for information purposes only. In the event of any inconsistency between the translated version and the French version, the French version shall prevail and be the only version that is binding on both parties and governs the relationship with the Publisher.
This contract and its interpretation are subject to French law and the parties acknowledge the exclusive jurisdiction of the French courts. Any dispute shall be referred to the competent French courts. The present clause will be applicable, even in case of summary proceedings, appeal in guarantee or plurality of defendants.
Cancellation form template
(for Orders placed on the Site)
To: IMAIOS SAS
2 Allée Charles Darwin, 34170 Castelnau-le-Lez, France / contact@imaios.com
I hereby inform you of my decision to exercise my right of withdrawal for:
the order n°XXXX, concerning the service XXXX, made on XX/XX/202X.
Consequently, I would like to ask you to return to me as soon as possible and at the latest within 14 days following the reception of the present, the sum of .... euros that I paid to you at the time of my order, this in accordance with the provisions of the articles L. 221-24 and L.221-25 of the French Consumer Code.
Name of the consumer
Address and, if necessary, email address of the consumer
Date
Warning to be read carefully
1. This document contains important information about the terms and conditions (hereinafter "Conditions") for accessing and using the site accessible at www.imaios.com (hereinafter "Site") and the applications, including but not limited to, e-Anatomy, vet-Anatomy, QEVLAR Radiology, IDV Dicom Viewer, Anatomy Ninja Lower Limb and Anatomy Ninja Upper Limb available on Google Play and Apple Store (hereinafter "Applications"), which apply between the company that publishes the Site and the Applications and all the users of the Site and Applications (hereinafter referred to as the "User").
2. The Site and the Applications may only be used for informational purposes. With the exception of certain applications, such as Anatomy Ninja Lower Limb and Anatomy Ninja Upper Limb, which are intended to be educational and entertaining, the Site and the Applications are intended only for use by knowledgeable healthcare professionals and those who are already engaged in a training process, independent of the Site and the Applications, to become professionals. Therefore, if you are not in this situation, with the exception of the Anatomy Ninja Lower Limb and Anatomy Ninja Upper Limb applications, please leave the Site and the Applications, which are not intended for you.
The Site and the Applications can in no way answer the public's medical questions. They are not intended to replace the relationship between the patient and his health care professional or to replace his medical advice. The Site and the Applications have not been tested or approved for clinical use. They are not medical devices and are not certified as such. They may not be used as diagnostic tools.
In general, we recommend that you systematically seek the advice of your usual doctor before consulting any Internet sites and applications with medical content.
3. By accessing the Site or the Applications and their content, or by using any of the services offered on the Site and within the Applications, you fully and unreservedly accept these Conditions as defined below and you declare that you are bound by these Conditions for an indefinite period of time, whether or not you are a healthcare professional. They include various limitations and exclusions of liability, as well as a jurisdictional clause governing the handling of any dispute.
By accessing the Site or downloading one of the Applications, you acknowledge that you are aware of the Privacy and Data Protection Policy practiced by the Editor and accessible at https://www.imaios.com/en/privacy-policy, on any page of the Site and within each Application. You declare that you do not object to this Privacy and Data Protection Policy implemented by the Editor.
4. These terms are subject to change at any time and without notice; they are systematically brought to the attention of any person accessing the Site or an Application by a link accessible on all pages of the Site and within each Application. We therefore thank you for regularly consulting these terms and their update.
If you do not accept all or part of the Conditions, you are requested to renounce all use of the Site and the Applications and to leave them.
5. These terms apply exclusively to your access to and use of the Site and the Applications; they do not alter the terms or conditions of any other agreement you may have with the Editor.
1 PRESENTATION OF THE SITE AND THE APPLICATIONS
1.1 Description and objectives of the Site and the Applications
Both the Site and the Applications are intended exclusively for an audience of knowledgeable healthcare professionals, with the exception of the Anatomy Ninja Lower Limb and Anatomy Ninja Upper Limb applications, which are intended for a broader audience (hereinafter "User(s)"). They are designed for educational purposes and contain medical information (articles, illustrations, tools and other resources, etc.).
1.2 Origin of the Site and the Applications
The Site and the Applications are published by the company IMAIOS, SAS, with a capital of 37000 €, whose registered office is IMAIOS SAS, 2 Allee Charles Darwin, 34170 Castelnau-Le-Lez, France, registered under the identification number 505 111 716 with the trade and company register of Montpellier (hereinafter referred to as the "Editor").
The director of the publication is Mr Denis Hoa.
1.3 Hosting of the Site
The Site is hosted by Amazon Web Services, Inc. whose registered office is 410 Terry Ave North, Seattle, WA 98109-5210, United States.
1.4 Regular contributors
All members of the IMAIOS team contribute regularly to the provision of medical information on the Site and the Applications, and in particular its managers:
Denis Hoa, Doctor of Medicine, graduate of the Faculty of Medicine of Montpellier, DES Radiodiagnostic et Imagerie médicale, Laureate of the Faculty of Medicine of Montpellier, Holder of a Master 2 Recherche en Radiophysique et Imagerie médicales, and
Antoine Micheau, Doctor of Medicine, graduate of the Faculty of Medicine of Montpellier, DES Radiodiagnostic et Imagerie médicale.
1.5 Financing of the Site and the Applications
The Site is financed by the Editor and the Users' subscriptions. The Applications are financed by the Editor and by the integrated purchases made by the Users, the Applications being of freemium type.
The shareholders of the Editor have no direct or indirect link with the pharmaceutical industry.
2. ACCESS TO THE SITE AND APPLICATIONS
2.1. Open access and registration
2.1.1 The Site
The Site is free and in free access. However, the Editor reserves the right to make access to all or part of the Site subject to payment, unilaterally and without prior notice.
Access to certain areas of the Site may be subject to prior registration according to a procedure explained on this occasion. If necessary, the Editor reserves the right to suspend, limit or refuse access to the Site, unilaterally and without prior notice, to any registered User (hereinafter "Registered User") who does not respect the Conditions.
2.1.2 The Applications
The Applications (including but not limited to e-Anatomy, vet-Anatomy, QEVLAR, IDV Dicom Viewer, Anatomy Ninja Lower Limb et Anatomy Ninja Upper Limb) each and individually are based on a set of instructions, programs, and rules. They are the expression of a unique source code created by the Editor.
Each of these Applications is an original software in accordance with the provisions of Article L112-2 13° of the French Intellectual Property Code.
These Applications are more than the simple implementation of an automatic logic.
Each one has lines of programming, codes, a structure and language of development which are the reflection of creative choices and an intellectual contribution of the Editor.
The Applications are free and freely downloadable on the Google Play and Apple Store platforms. However, some options are not free and the Editor reserves the right to charge for access to functions that are initially free, unilaterally and without notice.
2.2 Updating, interruption and availability of the Site and the Applications and their content
The Editor may, at any time, modify or delete information made available on the Site and/or any Application. It reserves the right to interrupt, temporarily or permanently suspend or modify access to all or part of the Site and the Applications, in order to ensure maintenance, or for any other reason, without this interruption giving rise to any obligation or compensation. Access to the Applications may also be interrupted or suspended due to unilateral decisions by Google Play or Apple Store.
Product and service specifications are subject to change without notice. Furthermore, IMAIOS does not guarantee that the products or services that are listed online or on the Applications will be available at the time of your order.
2.3 Scope
It is hereby expressly agreed that the granted access only allows the User to visit the Site and the Applications.
The User acknowledges that these Terms do not confer to the User any title of intellectual property rights (in particular as trademarks, designs or models) on the Site and the Applications.
3 SPECIFIC COMMITMENTS OF USERS
By using the Site and the Applications, the User agrees in particular not to:
- share his credentials with another user, each account being for strictly individual use;
- disrupt or interfere with the security of the Site and the Applications and their Content, resources (servers or networks connected to or accessible through the Site);
- disrupt or interfere with the enjoyment of any other User;
- upload, post or otherwise transmit through or on any site any virus or other harmful file;
- transmit through or on the Site or the Applications any type of unsolicited mass email to persons or entities who have not agreed to be part of such mailings;
- attempt to gain unauthorized access to the Site or the Applications or portions of the Site or the Applications that are restricted;
- use the Site or the Applications to seek, provide or obtain specific medical advice, medical opinion or diagnosis;
- use the Site or the Applications to seek, provide or obtain answers and/or specific lessons applied to a specific health-related examination;
- re-use the content of the Site or Applications outside the conditions set out in article 7.2.
4 QUALITY AND USE OF THE INFORMATION PROVIDED
4.1 Quality
The Editor endeavors to take the greatest care in the quality of the information provided on the Site and the Applications and in their regular updating. However, the Site and the Applications may contain erroneous or inaccurate information, omissions or data published independently of the Editor’s wish.
The Editor assumes no obligation to update the information available on the Site and the Applications.
The source of the data published on the Site and the Applications is explicitly mentioned with, if necessary, a hyperlink to this source. The date of the last modification appears clearly on the page of the Site or the Application concerned.
4.2 Usage
The Editor particularly draws the attention to the fact that the information published on the Site and on the Applications remains only indicative and for educational purposes without any express or tacit guarantee of any kind, for the exclusive use of health professionals duly authorized to practice in France or in their country of origin and health students, with the exception of the Applications which may be intended for a wider public.
This information shall in no way replace the opinion of health professionals or be considered or interpreted as advice or a recommendation of any kind.
The User shall not under any circumstances use the Site or the Applications to describe a condition, make a diagnosis, decide on a treatment or make any medical decision in the treatment of patients.
The User is in any case the only one responsible for the use of the information made available to him. He is invited to use it with discernment and to use his own professional judgment to evaluate it. The Editor further advises the systematic consultation of other sources of information.
5 AVAILABILITY OF PRODUCTS OR SERVICES
Any reference to an Editor product, application or service on the Site or the Applications does not imply that such product or service is or will be available in your country, where it may be subject to different regulations and conditions of use. This reference does not imply any intention on the part of the Editor to sell such product, application or service in the User's country. The Site and the Applications contain information on products and services that may or may not be available in all countries of the world. The User must ensure, prior to any use of the Site, the Applications or the products/services accessible via the Site and the Applications, that such use does not violate the laws of his country of residence.
The User is solely responsible for verifying whether the content of the Site, the Applications (or the products/services accessible from the Site or the Applications) complies with the legislation of the country from which he accesses the Site or the Application. The User is thus prohibited from using the Site or the Applications in a manner contrary to the legal, regulatory or ethical provisions applicable under the law of the country from which he accesses the Site or the Applications. The responsibility of the Editor or any other party involved in the creation and operation of the Site or the Applications shall not be engaged in case of non-compliance with the legislation of the country where the Site or the Applications are used.
6 LIABILITY AND WARRANTY
6.1 Exclusion of liability and warranty of the Editor
The use of the Site, the Applications and their information is the sole and entire responsibility of the Users.
Consequently, the responsibility of the Editor, its partners, its employees or any other party involved in the creation and operation of the Site and the Applications shall not be engaged because of any prejudice or damage, direct or indirect, of any nature whatsoever, resulting from access, use, even partial, or interpretation of the information on the Site or the Applications.
6.2 Liability and warranty of the User
The User guarantees and indemnifies the Editor, its partners, its employees or any other party involved in the creation and operation of the Site or the Applications against any action or claim from a third party due to the use of the Site or the Applications by the User or any harmful consequences directly or indirectly related to the use he makes of the Site or the Applications.
The User thus takes in charge the entirety of the damages to which the Editor, its partners, its employees or any other party implied in the creation and the exploitation of the Site and the Applications could be condemned as well as the legal expenses and the exposed fees.
Finally, the Editor cannot be held responsible for the content of the messages left on the discussion forums of the Site and, where applicable, of the Applications, which are only moderated a posteriori and which are only binding on their authors.
6.3 Hyperlinks to third-party sites
The Site and the Applications are likely to contain hypertext links to other Internet sites managed by third parties. However, the Editor cannot proceed to the regular verification of the quality of these linked sites. The Editor cannot be held responsible for the content of these sites, nor for the services offered on these sites.
In addition, a summary and/or a link to a third party site does not imply that the Editor approves the site or the products or services on these third party sites. It does not guarantee the accuracy of any content referenced in such third party sites and will not be liable for any damages or injury resulting from access to or inability to access such sites.
7 OWNERSHIP OF THE SITE, APPLICATIONS AND THEIR CONTENT
7.1 Protection of the content of the Site and the Applications
All intellectual property rights on the Site, the Applications and their content (hereinafter "Content") including texts, databases, software, applications, slideshows, logos, images, drawings, graphics, animated sequences, sounds, videos are the property of the Editor or third parties having authorized the Editor to use them.
The whole of this Content is thus protected by the French and international legislations in particular on the copyright, the designs and models law, the trademark law, the database law.
The names and brands mentioned on the Site and the Applications are registered trademarks of the Editor or its beneficiaries.
It is explicitly agreed that the granted access to the Site and the Applications shall not be interpreted as a license granted to the User on the intellectual property rights held by the Editor. Therefore, any reproduction, imitation and more generally any exploitation of these trademarks are prohibited, with the exception of the use of the Editor's trademarks to specify the origin of content reproduced by the User, in accordance with 7.2.
7.2 Use of the Site and the Applications - License granted
The Site and the Applications are intended exclusively for the personal and private use of the User.
The Editor grants the User a worldwide, non-exclusive, non-transferable, non-assignable, revocable license to use the Site and Applications for the duration of this Agreement and under the conditions set forth. The User acknowledges that the Site and Applications contain exclusive content, information, and materials that are protected by applicable intellectual property laws, in particular, copyright law. IMAIOS holds the intellectual property rights, including copyright, to the Site and Applications. The User acquires only a grant of rights, without any transfer of ownership.
The User is authorized to print or download the pages of the Site or print or take screenshots of the pages of the Applications under the following cumulative conditions:
- printing or downloading or, if applicable, printing or capturing, in a partial and reasonable manner (i.e. maximum 10% of the Site or the Application);
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The Editor also authorizes the User to reproduce, in public communications such as blog articles or training courses, reasonable extracts from the content of the Site or Applications, which may go beyond the criteria applicable to the short quotation exception.
Any such use must however mention the origin of such content, specifying “Copyright: Antoine Micheau and Denis Hoa, IMAIOS company: www.imaios.com” and, depending on the circumstances, “e-Anatomy” or “vet-Anatomy”, accompanied by the corresponding logo.
The User must also notify by email the Publisher of such reproduction as soon as it occurs, in order to enable the latter to ensure a posteriori that the use is reasonable, failing which it may, without the need to justify itself, demand the cessation of use of the content, which must be applied without delay by the User.
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7.3 Hypertext links to the Site
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All links to the Site must be approved in writing by IMAIOS, except in the following case:
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- the appearance, position, and other aspects of the link must not create the false impression that an entity or its activities or products are associated with the Editor.
In any event, the Editor reserves the right to withdraw its consent for a link without cause or notice, at any time.
7.4 Assignment of Rights to User Contributions
7.4.1 Subject
On the Site and certain Applications, the User has the possibility of submitting contributions, which may be of various kinds and may include, but are not limited to, images, drawings, diagrams, definitions of medical or anatomical terms, translations, anatomical labels, clinical cases...
These contributions are systematically voluntary and are made by means of contribution buttons or links available on the Site and the Applications concerned.
By virtue of these terms of use, to which reference is made when such a contribution (hereinafter the "Contribution") is made, the User assigns to the Editor, upon submission of his Contribution, all intellectual property rights relating to his Contribution, for the legal duration of protection of these rights and for the entire world.
7.4.2 Rights assigned
These rights include in particular the rights of reproduction, representation and adaptation as well as the secondary rights as these rights are defined below:
7.4.2.1 For the reproduction right
- The right to reproduce, fix, duplicate, print or record all or part of the Contribution, temporarily or permanently, on any medium, in any format, whether or not associated with other works of any kind, whether of the same or different genre, or whether or not integrated into such works, this reproduction right including the right to reproduce the Contribution permanently or temporarily in whole or in part, by all means and processes, in all forms, in particular for any loading, display, execution, transmission or storage operation, on all media, known or unknown to date, and in particular digital and opto-numeric, magnetic and analog, on paper and similar media, using all framing ratios, on any site and any application;
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- The right to make and have made, without limitation as to the number of copies, all originals, duplicates or copies, on all analog and digital media, in all formats and by all processes known or unknown to date, from the Contribution.
7.4.2.2 For the representation right
- The right to represent, disseminate and exploit all or part of the Contribution in its original version or in a version as previously defined, whether or not associated with other works of any kind whatsoever, of the same or different genre, by broadcasting on electronic communication networks, by broadcasting and public communication by wire or wireless means, by public projection, by transmission in a public place of the work broadcast or communicated to the public, by public presentation and all other means ;
- The right to distribute or have the Contribution distributed on the Internet and the mobile telephone network, by all processes inherent in this mode of operation, whether known or unknown at the time of writing, and in particular by reproduction on any computer, digital or optodigital server, by on-demand distribution free of charge, by streaming involving temporary reproduction without the possibility of downloading by the viewer of the Contribution, by permanent or temporary downloading, by representation on the screens of terminals used to connect to the Internet and whatever the communication channel, mobile telephone line, cable, fibre optics, satellite, Wi-Fi etc. , with a view to communicating the Contribution to the public, with or without encryption, both for individual and collective reception. This right includes, in particular, advertising use, distribution on social networks and video hosting sites;
- The right to broadcast the Contribution, with or without encryption, for the purposes of both individual and collective reception, by all processes inherent in this mode of exploitation;
- the right to present the Contribution to the public at events open to the public, exhibitions, public screenings, festivals and promotional events.
7.4.2.3 For the right of adaptation and secondary exploitation
- The right to translate, arrange, modify, adapt, transform, modulate, compress, change the format and resolution, dub, crop, caption, comment on the Contribution, add music, a still image or a sequence of moving images to the Contribution, create any derivative or composite work incorporating the Contribution or borrowing from the Contribution, in whole or in part and in any written, oral, telematic or digital form, etc, for the purposes of all types of exploitation;
- The right to market, distribute and sell any product incorporating the Contribution as an accessory or in a substantial manner, such as, in particular, works of applied art, motifs, product designs, packaging and clothing.
The User further grants the right to assign or license to any third party all or part of the intellectual property rights granted hereunder in the Contribution.
This assignment of rights shall not be construed as conferring on the Editor any obligation to exploit the Contribution.
This assignment is made free of charge, which the User expressly accepts, in view of the lack of exclusivity and the general interest of the contributions.
The Editor shall have the right to take any action to stop any infringement or illegal exploitation of the Contribution.
7.4.3 Guarantees
The User warrants to the Editor that he will enjoy and exercise the rights attached to the Contribution and assigned hereunder. The User warrants to the Editor that the User is the sole owner of the rights granted to the Editor or that the User has obtained all necessary authorizations for this transfer. The User shall indemnify and hold the Editor harmless from and against any and all claims, actions, demands, oppositions, liabilities, losses, damages, costs or expenses incurred by the Editor arising out of or relating to the User's breach of this agreement or any claim, action, demand or proceeding brought by any third party alleging that the Contribution infringes or is likely to infringe his intellectual property rights or those of a third party. In such case, the User shall bear all costs incurred by the Editor in its defense, including any amounts that the Editor may be ordered to pay by a court of law.
8 Miscellaneous provisions
8.1 Duration
The Editor may terminate, modify, suspend or interrupt any access and use of the Site or the Application. He may remove, modify any content of the Site or the Application. It may impose limits on certain features and services or restrict access to all or part of the Site or the Application without notice or liability. The Editor reserves the right to terminate the authorization to use the Site, at any time and at its sole discretion.
8.2 Translation
The translation of the Conditions into any other language is provided for information purposes only. In the event of any inconsistency between the translated version and the French version, the French version shall prevail and be the only version that is binding on both parties and governs the relationship with the Editor.
8.3 Complaints
All complaints and reports of any abuse (for example, concerning a contentious contribution on the Site's discussion forums) or infringement of intellectual property rights must be made in writing to the contact address mentioned below.
In case of infringement of intellectual property rights, the following information must be provided:
- Identification, contact details and signature of the owner of the rights claimed to have been infringed;
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- Precise description of the elements that do not respect the rights of the said owner and whose removal from the Site or an Application is requested;
- Declaration on honor confirming the accuracy of the information transmitted to the Editor.
Moreover, the User who would have the status of consumer is informed of the possibility of referring free of charge to a consumer mediator, and more precisely to the Center of the Mediation of Consumption of Conciliators of Justice, whose Internet site is https://www.cm2c.net.
8.4 Non-waiver
The fact that the Editor does not take advantage of a breach by the User of any of the legal obligations or obligations referred to herein shall not be interpreted for the future as a waiver of the obligation in question and of the right to take advantage of this breach later.
8.5 Severability
If any provision of the Conditions is invalid under any law or any other rule of law, it shall be deemed unwritten, without invalidating the Conditions as a whole.
8.6 Applicable law and jurisdiction
The Site and the Applications are designed in France. They are hosted in the United States. The Conditions are subject to the application of French law. In the event of a dispute concerning the application or interpretation of the Conditions or, more generally, the use of the Site and the Applications by any individual or legal entity, it is expressly agreed that the French courts shall have sole jurisdiction, even in the event of multiple defendants or third-party claims.
8.7 Contact
IMAIOS SAS
2 Allee Charles Darwin,
34170 Castelnau-Le-Lez
France
Tel: +33 9 72 10 11 10
contact@imaios.com
Preamble
This privacy and personal data protection policy establishes the commitments of our company, publisher of the website https://www.imaios.com (hereinafter referred to as the "Site") and the e-Anatomy, vet-Anatomy, QEVLAR Radiology, IMAIOS DICOM Viewer (IDV), Anatomy Ninja Lower Limb and Anatomy Ninja Upper Limb applications available on Google Play and Apple App Store (hereinafter referred to as the "Applications") with regard to the confidentiality and protection of personal data of the users of the Site and Applications (hereinafter referred to as the "User", defined as any natural person or legal entity that consents to the Terms of access and use of the Site and the Applications).
It applies specifically to users of the Site and the Applications residing in France and in the territories of the European Union and complies with the European Regulation of 27 April 2016, known as the GDPR.
We recommend that you refer to the Terms of Use of the Site and Applications for further explanation of the purposes of the Site and Applications and their terms of use.
By accessing the Site and Applications, you acknowledge that you are fully aware of this privacy and data protection policy and declare that you do not object to it.
1. Our Company
The Site and Applications are published by our company, SAS IMAIOS.
You can contact us, in particular for the purpose of exercising your right to privacy, at 2 allée Charles Darwin, 34170 Castelnau-le-Lez, France or through our e-mail address: contact@imaios.com.
2. Principles of Confidentiality
Personal information about visitors to our Site and users of our Applications, including their identity, is confidential. We undertake to respect legal conditions of confidentiality applicable in France and not to disclose this information to third parties except as expressly provided herein.
Unless you notify us otherwise, any non-personal information you provide to us will be considered non-confidential and free to use, subject to compliance with applicable provisions.
3. Collection of personal data
You may withhold your consent to the collection of personal data. However, such a decision may restrict or prevent access to all or part of the Site and the Applications.
Our company, whose contact details are: IMAIOS SAS, 2 allée Charles Darwin, 34170 Castelnau-le-Lez, France - contact@imaios.com, is responsible for processing your data. Its representative is Mr. Denis HOA, whom you can contact at the same address.
Our Site and Applications are free of charge and freely accessible and can be downloaded for free, except for the provision of certain services, and do not require the creation of a user account. Nevertheless, we collect, at each connection to the Site and the Applications, your IP (Internet Protocol) address provided by your access provider, to which you hereby agree. We process this information in order to allow you to access the Site and Applications but also to identify your geographical data and personalize our content, which you consent to.
Registration is then necessary to use certain services (purchase of products, subscriptions, downloads, contribution to discussion forums, etc.).
We collect various types of information from you, such as your first and last name, address, profession, organization or company, telephone number and e-mail address, which you guarantee are accurate and undertake to update. Only the email address is required for registration. This information allows us to manage your participation in the activities and services offered and to better process your requests. The processing of the e-mail address is based on our contract and legitimate interests (in order to maintain our records and to know how our customers use our services) and, with regard to the other data, is dependent on your consent. By accepting this Privacy Policy, you expressly authorize the collection of the above-mentioned data for the purpose of direct marketing and renew your consent for the purpose of customer loyalty.
In the event of an order, we will collect your first and last name and billing address, which are processed based on our contract, in order to determine the applicable VAT rate.
In addition, if you give your express consent, we may collect your first and last name, title and professional affiliation, which you warrant to be accurate, for the purpose of publicly identifying you in connection with your contributions to the Site and/or the Applications. The processing of such data is then based only on your sole express consent.
We may only allow third party partner companies to contact you if you have given your explicit consent, either when you register or later by changing your preferences from within the Site or the Applications.
We inform you that we do not collect your banking data. In order to maximize the security of our transactions, we use a payment gateway. Also, the information you are asked for, namely your credit card number, the name of your bank and security information, is not collected and processed by our Site and Applications but by our banking intermediary, who is solely responsible for all possible liability in this regard.
Similarly, we inform you that the presence of hyperlinks to websites managed by third parties does not make us in any way responsible for the content of these sites, the services offered, the collection of personal data carried out by these third parties or their privacy policy. We therefore encourage you to check the privacy and data protection statement of any third-party sites you access from the Site or the Applications.
4. Third-Party
The information collected may be transmitted to any judicial or administrative authority that may request it. In addition, we may, on an exceptional basis, transmit the data collected to third party service providers for the design, maintenance, security and commercial promotion of the Site and Applications, the sale and distribution of our products and other commercial initiatives or the hosting of our data.
Such transmission of data will, in all cases, be in accordance with the purposes stated herein and we ensure that our service providers who have access to the data in these circumstances are bound by an obligation of strict confidentiality and may be subject to sanctions in the event of non-compliance with their commitments.
In particular, we would like to inform you that the data collected is hosted by our hosting provider, Amazon Web Services, Inc., whose registered office is at 410 Terry Ave North, Seattle, WA 98109-5210, USA.
We therefore transfer data outside the European Union.
In this context, we naturally comply with the laws in force on data protection: we therefore subject our collaboration with our hosting provider to compliance with the standard contractual clauses, which you acknowledge by accepting the present document, and which oblige it to a high level of data security, in order to protect it against fraudulent access by an unauthorized third party and against any unauthorized destruction, alteration or distribution of the said data.
All your rights with respect to your data naturally apply to the data transferred to this subcontractor.
5. Security
We take the need to protect your data very seriously and have implemented technical security measures to prevent your data from being accidentally lost, altered, used or accessed. Access to your data is strictly limited to those who need to consult it and all our service providers mentioned above will ensure confidentiality. We cannot, however, guarantee the infallibility of our protection measures; should such a breach occur, we will notify you as soon as possible.
We also encourage you to maintain the confidentiality of the connection settings we have provided to you and to take all necessary measures to protect your own data from being compromised.
6. Your rights
In accordance with the applicable regulations, and in particular the European Directive of 27 April 2016, you may at any time contact us at the company's headquarters: IMAIOS SAS, 2 allée Charles Darwin, 34170 Castelnau-le-Lez, France, in order to obtain communication of your data and, if necessary, their rectification if they prove to be incomplete or inaccurate, or their deletion, subject to our legal obligations to retain them, in particular for tax purposes.
You also have the right to limit processing, which in certain cases allows you to ask us to suspend the processing of personal data, and to withdraw the consent on which certain processing is based, which will, however, be limited to future processing.
Your right to data portability allows you to request a copy of your personal data in a standard format.
You have the right to ask us to be transparent about any profiling we carry out or any automated decision, and you may file a complaint with a supervisory authority at any time.
7. Data storage
We store your data for a limited period of time, depending on the purpose of the processing. The deletion of your account will thus put an end to this limited time period, subject to the respect of the minimum retention period, in order to respect our own accounting obligations. Our retention periods are therefore strictly limited to our own legal requirements.
8. Modifications of our commitments
We will use the personal data collected and personally identifiable information in accordance with the terms of the commitments made at the time of collection. We may, however, make non-substantive changes to the terms of this Privacy Policy at any time by posting revisions on the Site. Please check this page regularly.
9. Translation
Translation of this Agreement into any other language is provided, if necessary, solely for information purposes. In case of contradiction between the translated version and the French version, the French version is the only one that shall be authentic and the only one that engages both parties and governs the relationship with IMAIOS.
10. Date of update
This privacy policy was updated on December 6th, 2021.
CT画像による馬の手根骨についてのラベル化した断面解剖学
- Antoine Micheau, MD , Denis HOA, MD , Susanne AEB Boroffka, PhD - dipl. ECVDI
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- Antoine Micheau, MD : 2 Allée Charles Darwin, 34170 Castelnau-le-lez
- Denis HOA, MD : 2 Allée Charles Darwin, 34170 Castelnau-le-lez
- Susanne AEB Boroffka, PhD - dipl. ECVDI : 2 Allée Charles Darwin, 34170 Castelnau-le-lez
- 公開日： 2025/02/12 | 最終更新日： 2026/01/15
- https://doi.org/10.37019/vet-anatomy/a1a32a91-fcb1-4cda-8854-8b8f7106d3ca.ja ISSN 2534-5087
イントロダクション
馬の手根骨における病変は、跛行の一般的な原因となります。正確な診断を行うことは、病変の早期発見と治療に寄与し、病気の進行リスクを抑えるために重要です。
従来のX線撮影および超音波検査は、主に馬の骨関節病変を評価するのに使われています。しかし、手根関節の構造は非常に複雑であり、多くの骨が重なり合っているため、読影が困難な場合があります。また、深部の靭帯や腱の構造が十分に特定できない場合もあります。コンピュータ断層撮影（CT）やCT関節造影は、これらの骨関節評価を行う新しい技術として注目されており、多面再構成によって病変のより正確な評価が可能になります。特定の条件下で立位の馬に対して、これらの検査を実施できるということは、これらの試験を支持するさらなる根拠となります。
本モジュールでは、CT画像上で馬の手根骨の正常な解剖学的構造を、３つの主要な平面で説明します。
機器と方法
CTスキャンは、Mickaël Robert博士（欧州獣医外科学会卒業、CHVE de Livet（フランス、14140 Livarot-Pays-d'Auge）によって、フレンチトロッターの2歳馬の胸肢に対して行われました。
画像は、3つの主要な平面(横面、矢状面、背側面)で再構築され、手根骨の3D画像によって補完されました。すべての画像は、Stephan Mahler（DVM、MSc、PhD取得。IMAIOSの獣医解剖学者）によって、獣医解剖学⽤語（Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria、NAV)に基づいてラベル付けされました。
解剖学的構造は、様々なテーマに沿って以下のように分類されています。
- 体部
- 部位
- 骨
- 関節
- 靭帯
- 筋肉
- 腱
- 筋膜
- 腱鞘と滑液包
- 動脈
- 静脈
- 神経
結果と考察
馬の尺骨は、その近位部では明確に観察できますが、遠位部では半径と区別がつかなくなります。このため、NAVは内側および外側の茎状突起に名称を付けて、2つの茎状突起を半径に追加します。ただし、他の種と同様に、外側の茎状突起は尺骨から派生しています。したがって、「尺骨茎状突起」という用語も適切であり、モジュール内では両方の用語が使用されています。
副手根骨には、肉食動物と馬で、2つの関節面があります。
- 尺骨手根骨を有する主関節面
- 馬の特に発達した第2関節面には、尺骨に茎状突起が見られます。この尺骨の茎状突起は通常、馬の橈骨と完全に融合しているため、一部の研究者は、この種類の副手根骨が、橈骨と共に関節運動を行っていると考えています。
私たちは、この第2関節が前腕手根関節に属し、副手根骨の関節は、副手根骨と尺骨手根骨の間にある関節に限られると考えています。したがって、それは人間の豆状骨関節（豆三角関節）に相当します。
検査に使用された馬は、本モジュールで示されているように、対側の胸肢に跛行が見られました。しかし、明らかに健康な四肢にも偶発的な病変が認められました。具体的には、橈骨と手根骨IIIの背側縁が中程度に硬化しており、溶解領域は小さく、目に見える断片化はありません。
手根骨の側面には、橈骨の遠位端に隣接するいくつかの線形アーチファクトが見られ、特に手根骨の外側側副靭帯を特定する際に解釈を妨げる可能性があります。
画像
- Barone R. Anatomie comparée des mammifères domestiques. Tome 1. Ostéologie. 5th Edition. MaxiPrim, Pertuis, 2020.
- Barone R. Anatomie comparée des mammifères domestiques, Tome 2, Arthrologie et myologie, 4th edition, Vigot, Paris, 2017.
- Cauvin ER, Munroe GA, Boyd JS. Endoscopic examination of the carpal flexor tendon sheath in horses. Equine Vet J. 1997 Nov;29(6):459-66. doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1997.tb03159.x.
- Denoix JM. Essentials of Clinical Anatomy of the Equine Locomotor System. Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, 2018.
- Gray SN, Puchalski SM, Galuppo LD. Computed tomographic arthrography of the intercarpal ligaments of the equine carpus. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2013 May-Jun;54(3):245-52. doi: 10.1111/vru.12033. Epub 2013 Mar 14.
- International Committee on Veterinary Gross Anatomical Nomenclature. 2017. Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria. Sixth Edition. Ghent (Belgium).
- Leach D, Harland R, Burko B. The anatomy of the carpal tendon sheath of the horse. J Anat. 1981 Sep;133(Pt 2):301-7.
- Murray RC. Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Equine Carpus. Clin Tech Equine Pract 2007; 6:86-95. doi:10.1053/j.ctep.2006.11.008.
- Nagy A, Dyson S. Magnetic resonance anatomy of the carpus of the horse described from images acquired from low-field and high-field magnets. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2011 May-Jun;52(3):273-83. doi: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2010.01773.x. Epub 2011 Jan 31.
- Probst A, Macher R, Hinterhofer C, Polsterer E, Guarda IH, König HE. Anatomical features of the carpal flexor retinaculum of the horse. Anat Histol Embryol. 2008 Dec;37(6):415-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0264.2008.00867.x. Epub 2008 May 29.
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